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PRACTICAL GUIDE BOOK FOR MINING GEOLOGY I
LABORATORY MANUAL
Prepared by
Dr Govind Singh Bhardwaj
DEPARTMENT OF MINING ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING: UDAIPUR
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur-313001
PRACTICAL GUIDE BOOK FOR MINING GEOLOGY I
LABORATORY MANUAL
Price: 115
ISBN 978-93-5156-100-2
©Author, 2013
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photographic, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners and publisher.
E-mail:
First Published January 2014
Printed at
University Printing Press, Communication Centre, Directorate of Planning and Monitoring, M.P.U.A.T., Udaipur-313001 India
Typeset by Author
Department of Mining Engineering,
College of Technology and Engineering, M.P.U.A.T., Udaipur-313001 India
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
HOW TO TAKE THIS LABORATORY GUIDE BOOK
To the Student
Welcome to the Mining Geology-I Laboratory Manual for B. Tech., Mining Engineering students. The first lab lesson in this manual deals with how to find out physical properties of minerals. The remaining lessons follow a sequence that progresses through the basics of rock identification, geomorphology of mining areas, Indian geological sequence and geology of Rajasthan, physiographic status of India, crystallography, earthquake and volcanic regions of world, and geologic time and concludes with such overarching topics as Earth’s major geologic features and economic geology resources.
Learning Outcomes
The lab manual specifies the learning outcomes for students, after successfully completing the lab exercises, student should be able to:
1. Effectively apply the concept, principle, and theories of geology to make accurate
observations to optimize and enhance productivity sustainably.
2. Gather and analyze data, solve problems, and come to supportable conclusions given
in various mining belts.
Features
This manual is part of an intensive laboratory work that explores the basic concepts and principles of geology. Each lesson includes specific learning objectives that students should use to prepare for the lab. The lab manual includes exercises and procedures that illuminate the central principles of mining geology. Reading this lab manual, and completing the lab exercises will provide students with information in the lab.
Each lesson in the lab manual contains the following elements:
Title of the exercise
This section introduces the topics covered in the lab exercises, explains why they are important, and makes connections to previous lesson concepts that you’ll need to remember.
Objectives
These objectives outline the significant goals to be achieved after completing each exercise.
Materials
This section provides a list of materials that will be needed to complete the lab exercises.
Illustrations
These maps, drawings, photographs have been included to amplify your understanding of specific concepts or to illustrate particular steps and procedures within the course of various lab experiments.
This lab manual has been designed to be used as a tool to help reinforce topics and concepts on which you will later be tested in the mining field.
· Provides you with information that you can apply to your everyday mine experiences.
· Provides visual reinforcement to help you understand and appreciate the complexity of the various geologic processes that occur above and beneath the surface of the earth as you know it.
· Provides you with the opportunity to practice what you have learned.
· Help make the study of geology more organized, systematic, and enjoyable. Since you are required to assimilate a large amount of information in a short period of time, a lot of your dedicated time is required.
· As a second year B. Tech student, however, it will be up to you alone to keep up with your deadlines. It’s important that you schedule enough time to read, study, review, and reflect. Your active thinking and involvement will promote your success.
November 13, 2013 Dr Govind Singh Bhardwaj
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. / Title / Page No1 / Minerals under normal & ultraviolet light / 5
2 / Developments of basal cleavages / 10
3 / Flexible bent stibnite crystal / 16
4 / Simplified rock cycle / 38
5 / Rock cycle in earth’s crust / 39
6 / Porphyritic texture / 41
7 / Vesicular basalt with conchoidal fracture / 41
8 / Specimen showing fragmented texture / 42
9 / Modified IUGS classification of phaneritic igneous rocks / 43
10 / Classification of volcanic rocks-IUGS / 44
11 / Chemical classification of volcanic rocks-IUGS / 45
12 / Simple silicate system of crystallization / 47
13 / Simple alkaline and sub alkaline binary system / 49
14 / Tabular field classification of igneous rocks / 49
15 / Scheme for igneous rock identification / 50
16 / Sedimentary rock nomenclature & distance from beach to seaward / 52
17 / Grain size distribution & sedimentary rock nomenclature / 53
18 / Silici-clastic, chemical &biochemical sedimentary rocks / 53
19 / Limits of chemical & biochemical rocks / 55
20 / Buckling phenomena of rock layers / 57
21 / Folded layers &older younger relationship / 57
22 / Granular rock texture / 58
23 / Stages of cleavage development in sedimentary rocks / 58
24 / Relationship of mineral, textural & rock / 59
25 / Crustal blocks &Barrovian metamorphism / 60
26 / Diagrammatic representation of crustal rock development / 61
27 / Metamorphism types &rocks / 62
28 / Metamorphism rock textural & structural aspects / 62
29 / Metamorphic rock specimen identification process flow chart / 63
30 / Metamorphism & crustal zonations / 64
31 / Igneous rock chart / 67
32 / Geological clock with events / 90
33 / Geological time scale with latest changes / 92
34 / Image explaining the Haedan time / 94
35 / Precambrian time period with precise sub-divisions / 95
36 / Photograph showing ice age / 98
37 / Generalised geological map of India / 103
38 / Mineral province map of India / 104
39 / Archean Proterozoic occurrences of base-metal deposits of India / 105
40 / Gold deposits of India / 106
41 / Platinum group mineral resources of India / 107
42 / Nickel deposits of India / 108
43 / Ancient diamond working & primary sources of India / 109
44 / Targets of concealed deep seated mineral deposits / 110
Continued / ………...
Continued / ………..
45 / Plan &3-D view of anticlinal folded ore body / 129
46 / Plan &3-D view of synclinal folded ore body / 130
47 / Conventional fold symbols / 130
48 / Typical symbols for lithologies and structures / 133
49 / Common map legends / 134
50 / Mineral potential area of India / 138
51 / Circumpacific seismic sensitive Zone / 140
52 / Seismic speciality map of the world / 141
53 / Preliminary determination of epicenter / 141
54 / Seismic zone map of India / 155
55 / Global tectonic &volcanic activity of last 1 million years / 158
56 / Active volcanoes of the world / 159
57 / Tectonic map of the world showing crustal plates / 159
58 / Ring of fire / 160
59 / Photograph showing Deccan Traps of Pune / 166
60 / Photograph of volcanic eruption of barren island / 168
61 / Bartang, Bay of Bengal / 169
62 / Physiographic divisions of India / 175
63 / (A) Regional geographic map of south central Asia
(B) Generalized tectonic map of northern India, Nepal and nearby regions. Barbed line indicates the front of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt. Dotted area is modern Himalayan foreland basin system.
(C) Geological map of Nepal, showing major tectonic features and lithostratigraphic zones. / 178
64 / India-Tibet collision / 186
65 / Map showing structure & tectonic belt of India / 187
66 / Strike directions in the Archean rocks of the Indian Peninsula / 188
67 / Lineament map of India / 188
LIST OF TABLES
Table No / Title / Page No1 / Index minerals of Moh’s, comparison of hardness with common objects / 17
2 / Index mineral and other materials hardness / 18
3 / Hardness of important mineral substances / 18
4 / Comparison between Mohs and Vickers hardness / 19
5 / Mineral groups / 27
6 / Hardness in fractions / 28
7 / List of common minerals / 29
8 / Field classification of volcanic rocks / 44
9 / Sedimentary rock chart / 56
10 / Sedimentary rock classification / 56
11 / Scheme for metamorphic rock identification / 64
12 / Crystal systems and their representation / 80
13 / Thirty two crystal classes & symmetries / 81
14 / The cubic systems / 82
15 / The tetragonal system / 83
16 / The orthorhombic system / 85
17 / The hexagonal system / 85
18 / The trigonal system / 86
19 / The monoclinic system / 87
20 / The triclinic system / 88
21 / Terminology used in geological time scale / 91
22 / Showing time scale of geological periods / 93
23 / Important information about India / 100
24 / Geological succession of India / 101
25 / Area wise resources of India / 102
26 / General geological succession of Precambrian formation of Rajasthan / 120
27 / Geological succession of Rajasthan / 121
28 / Geologic symbols used in geological maps (modified after IUGS) / 131
29 / Phivolcs earthquake intensity scale / 142
30 / Rossi –Forrel scale of earthquake intensities / 144
31 / Modified Mercalli intensity scale / 145
32 / Magnitude/intensity comparison / 147
33 / Magnitudes commonly used by seismic networks / 149
34 / Richter scale of earthquake magnitude / 152
35 / Showing land area, water bodies and islands of world / 161
36 / List of active, dormant & extinct volcanoes in India / 167
37 / Himalayan tectonic fold belt &correlation of lesser Himalayan, Gondawanian & tertiary formation / 187
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No. / Practical Exercise / Page NoForward / I
Preface / II
Acknowledgements / III-IV
List of figures / V-VI
List of tables / VII
1. / Identification of minerals under hand specimen. / 1
2. / Identification of rocks under hand specimen. / 38
3. / Identification of geomorphic models / 70
4. / Identification of crystal models under hand specimen. / 80
5. / Study of geological time scale / 90
6. / Study of geological succession of India and available minerals / 100
7. / Study of geological succession of Rajasthan and available minerals / 112
8. / Plotting of geologic section with the help of geological map / 126
9. / Plotting of Indian geological formations & mineral deposits. / 136
10. / Plotting of earthquake/ seismic belts of world. / 140
11. / Plotting of earthquake/ seismic belts of India / 154
12. / Plotting of volcanic belts of world / 157
13. / Plotting of volcanic belts of India / 166
14. / Plotting of physiographic maps of India / 171
15. / Plotting of structure/ tectonic map of India / 177
16. / Bibliography / 190
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