BIOS 1030  Week 7  Van Brocklyn

  1. Name five functions of the skeletal system.
  1. What is the difference of compact bone and spongy bone?
  1. The ______is connective tissue that covers the bone.
  2. A bone cell is a ______. They are connected to each other by ______.
  3. Define: ligaments, tendons, meniscus, and joint capsule.
  1. What would happen if the meniscus was not doing its job correctly?
  1. The vertabrea by the neck is called ______, by the chest is the ______vertebrae.
  2. What ligament would most likely get torn if your knee got hit on the side?
  1. Describe a herniated disk.
  1. What is the purpose of the growth plate?
  1. How does the growth plate do its job?
  2. What controls the growth plate?
  1. What could happen if you damage your growth plate?
  1. What happens to the growth plate when you are done growing?
  1. Describe these cells functions: chondroblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
  1. Describe two ways you can make your bones grow.
  1. Fill out the table:

Fetus (first 2 months) / Fetus: 2-3 months / Childhood / Adolescence
Cells involve
Cell function
What happens at this level?
  1. Describe osteoporosis. What is it, what causes it, who is at risk, how can you prevent it, how do you treat it?
  1. Name the functions of muscles.
  1. List the three types of muscles and where they would be found.
  1. A tendon:
  1. What is the difference between an origin and insertion.
  1. Describe the structure of a muscle starting with a myofibril to a whole muscle.
  1. How does a muscle cell get its striated appearance?
  1. What are the components of a sarcomere?
  1. Draw a sarcomere at a relaxed state and a sarcomere when it is contracted. How are these pictures different?
  1. Describe the cross-bridge cycle. What is rigor mortis?
  1. Tetanus is an infection that causes stiffness is the jaw and neck, but can spread to other parts of the body. What do you think is wrong with their muscles?
  1. Name two proteins involved with muscle contraction. What is there function in contraction and relaxation?
  1. How does a muscle relax?
  1. Describe how a motor neuron activates skeletal muscle (from when NT are released to the pulled actin).
  1. What is the all or none principle?
  1. Describe a motor unit.
  1. What does force generated by a muscle depend on?
  1. Draw a diagram and explain latent period, contraction, and relaxation.
  1. What is tetanus? What leads to tetanus?
  1. Name the sources of ATP used for muscle contraction.
  1. Which from on energy can be accessed the quickest?
  1. At rest, you convert creatine to ______.
  2. What form of energy is only used in moderate aerobic exercise? Can this be both anaerobic, aerobic, or both?
  1. Describe how glycogen is used and converted to be used as energy. At what point of exercise is this the most dominate form of energy used.
  1. What is the function of myoglobin?
  1. How is cardiac muscle different from skeletal muscle? How are they the similar?
  1. Fill out this table:

Slow twitch fibers / Fast twitch fibers
Type of Exercise
Speed of ATP breakdown
Mitochondria?
Aerobic vs anaerobic?
Color of muscle
Why is the muscle this color?
  1. What is the fastest cells in cardiac muscle called? Why are they called this?
  1. How does gap junctions help the heart?
  1. Adhesion junctions connect to the ______of the cell and increase ______in the muscle cells.
  2. Where is smooth smooth found? What controls them?
  1. Describe the basic mechanism of how smooth muscles contract?
  1. What is the function of dystrophin?
  1. Describe Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. What is it caused by? How does it progress? How is it treated?