Body Systems
Human body has:
– 100 trillion cells
– 4 basic kinds of ______
– About 22 internal organs
– 11 organ ______interacting together
Four levels of organization in the body:
______ ______ ______ ______
(Smallest largest)
Integumentary
Skin, hair and nails
Function:
•Protection against ______, ______, and fluid loss.
•Helps maintain ______by regulating body ______.
Structures:
•Skin: the ______organ of the body; it is made of two layers the epidermis and the dermis
–Epidermis: ______layer of skin
–Dermis: ______layer of skin
•Sweat glands
•Sebaceous (oil) glands
Interconnections:
Other systems that provide protection:
______
______
Other systems that help maintain homeostasis:
______
______
______
Skeletal
Bones, joints, ligaments
Function:
•______and ______the body & organs
•Bones produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Structures
•Two Parts
–Axial Skeleton
–Appendicular skeleton
Axial Skeleton
•______
•Vertebral column
–Cervical
–Thoracic
–Lumbar
–Sacral
•______
•Sternum
Interconnections:
Other systems that provide protection:
______
______
Other systems that provide movement:
______
______
Other systems that use blood cells made by the skeletal system:
______
______
Muscular
Muscles- skeletal, cardiac and smooth
*Recall that muscle cells have lots of mitochondria since they need lots of ______
Function
•______limbs and trunk,
•moves substances through the body (peristalsis);
•provides ______and structure.
Structure
3 Types of Muscle Tissues:
•Skeletal—______muscles; voluntary
•Smooth—vessels and ______; involuntary
•Cardiac—______; involuntary
Interconnections:
Other systems that provide movement:
______
______
Other systems that are made of muscle tissue:
______(cardiac tissue) ______(smooth tissue)
Other systems that benefit from the muscles ability to move substances throughout the body:
__________________
____________
Nervous System
Brain, neurons and spinal cord
Function
•Receives and sends ______through chemicals
–creates a response to stimuli.
•Regulates ______and the other ______systems
–controls sensory and motor functions
•Maintains ______
Divisions
•Central Nervous System
–______= Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Hypothalamus, Brain Stem, Medulla
–______
•Peripheral Nervous System - all ______branching from the cord.
–Cranial – nerves from the brain
–Spinal – nerves from the spinal cord
•Autonomic Nervous System – performs functions ______such as: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and even sleep.
Structures
•Brain:
–Cerebrum – controls ______, language, reasoning and perception.
–Cerebellum – controls coordination, ______, balance, & posture.
–Hypothalamus – controls body temperature, ______, thirst & homeostasis.
–Medulla – controls the regulation of breathing & ______
–Brain Stem – is made up of pons, medulla, and the midbrain, which regulate the body’s ______processes.
•Neuron- ______cells that transmit information throughout the body
•Spinal Cord- dense ______of ______that runs through the vertebral column.
–Links the brain to the peripheral nervous system
Interconnections
The nervous system is connected to ______other system because it controls and regulates all functions of the body
Endocrine
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries/testis
Function
•Regulates the normal everyday functions of the body
–secreting ______causing a regulatory effect or a defensive effect.
•Helps maintain ______
•Regulates other organs
Examples: adrenaline rush, breathing rate, heart rate, body temp
Structure
Interconnections
The endocrine system is connected to every other system because it helps regulates all organs and provides a regulatory or defense effect for our other systems
Immune
Skin, white blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen
Function
•Defends against pathogens and disease:
1)Creates a ______to prevent pathogens from entering your body
2)If pathogens get into the body, the immune system tries to ______and ______it before it can make itself at home and reproduce.
3)If the pathogen is able to ______and start causing problems, your immune system is in charge of eliminating it.
When you are sick a mild ______, even though it temporarily disrupts homeostasis, is ______as it helps to inhibit the growth of pathogens (like viruses) and stimulates the immune system response.
Structure
•______-primary boundary between germs and your body.
–Skin is tough and generally impermeable to pathogens.
•Thymus - produces ______
•Spleen – ______the blood looking for foreign cells and old red blood cells in need of replacement.
•Lymph system – collects and recycles fluids leaked from the circulatory system and is involved in fighting infections
–The lymph detect and remove bacteria from the blood plasma.
•Bone marrow – produces new ______and ______blood cells. The marrow produces all blood cells from stem cells.
•White blood cells - white blood cells destroy pathogens . Some examples of white blood cells are Leukocytes, Lymphocytes, B-cells, T-cells, Helper T-cells, Phagocytes, and Macrophages.
•Antibodies – produced by white blood cells; respond to a specific bacteria, virus or toxin.
The immune system and allergies:
•Allergy- The body’s inappropriate response to an ______, which can be a common substance that is typically harmless.
•Most allergic reactions are just uncomfortable:
–swelling, redness, increased mucus production, runny nose, itchy eyes, etc.
•There are some severe allergic reactions, though, that can be life threatening.
Interconnections
Other systems involved in protection:
______
______
This system produces bone marrow:
______
Saliva is anti-bacterial and found in this system:
______
Blood cells are apart of this system:
______
Respiratory
Mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, bronchi/alveoli
Function
•Moves air into and out of the ______
•Controls gas exchange between blood and lungs.
•Helps to maintain ______
Structures
•Larynx: ______, vibrations produce noise
•Glottis: opening to the trachea (______)
•Trachea: windpipe carries ______
•Pharynx: back of ______, beginning of trachea
•Epiglottis: covers the glottis as we swallows
•Bronchi: two branches (left & right bronchus) at lower end of trachea
•Bronchioles: smaller branches located in lungs
•Diaphragm: muscle that ______to allow air to enter the lungs
•Lungs: right lung- four lobes, left lung- three lobes, ______
–Your lungs contain almost 1500 miles of airways and over 300 million alveoli.
–Every minute you breathe in 13 pints (26 cups or 6.14 liters) of air.
•Alveoli: air filled sacs where ______and carbon dioxide are exchanged
Trace a breath through the respiratory system:
•External Nares Nostrils/Mouth
•Pharynx
•Larynx
•Trachea
•Bronchi
•Brochioles
•Alveoli
Interconnections
Other systems that involve exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the blood:
______
The system that helps compose the lungs (made of smooth tissue):
______
The other systems involved in helping us breathe:
______
______
Circulatory
Heart, blood, blood vessels
Functions
•______nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases through a series of organs and vessels;
•involved in maintaining ______
Structures
•2 Parts:
–Cardiovascular (heart-vessel) System
–Lymphatic System (often listed separately)
Structures
Structures
•Atria: 2 top chambers of the heart
–______the blood
–Left and right atrium
•Ventricles: 2 bottom chambers of the heart
–______the blood
–Left and right ventricle
•Septum: separates the right & left sides of the heart
•Aorta: carries oxygenated blood to body
•Superior vena cava: carries blood from head to heart (deoxygenated)
•Inferior vena cava: carries blood from body to heart(deoxygenated)
•Arteries: carry blood ______from the heart (oxygenated, except in pulmonary arteries)
•Veins: Carry blood to the heart (deoxygenated, except in pulmonary veins)
Interconnections
The other system that involves exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the blood:
______
The other system that involves lymph nodes:
______
The other system that makes blood cells:
______
This system is composes the cardiac tissue in the heart:
______
Nutrients absorbed in this system are circulated throughout the body:
______
Digestive System
A series of organs involved in ______and ______breaking down food with the help of enzymes & bacteria, and absorbing nutrients for the body’s ______and ______.
Function
•break up ______molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) into small subunits (amino acids, glucose, glycerol, and fatty acids)for energy
•helps body maintain ______
Structures
Mouth – Digestion ______here
Salivary Glands – Secrete enzymes to help with digestion
Esophagus
–tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach
–pushes food down the tube through peristalsis
Stomach
– ______digestion
–protein digestion with pepsin or HCl
Small Intestine
– Completes digestion
– ______nutrients; trypsin, lipases, bile
Large Intestine
–Reabsorbs Water
– Passageway for ______
Gall Bladder – Stores ______
Pancreas
–Secretes enzymes into small intestine
– produces ______(endocrine hormone for sugar regulation)
Liver
–Secretes bile
–Purifies ______
–Removes ______
*Food does NOT pass through these 3 organs!
Interconnections
Nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine and carried throughout the body by this system:
______
This system controls peristalsis:
______
This system gets rid of the waste produced by the digestive system:
______
These systems are also closely linked:
______
______
______
Excretory
Kidneys, bladder, urethra, sweat glands
Functions
•______metabolic/nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream
•Controls the ionic composition of the blood.
•______wastes outside of body.
•Involved in maintaining homeostasis.
Structures
•Kidney: Filters waste from ______, produces urine
•Ureter: Carries urine from kidney to bladder
•Urinary Bladder: Stores ______
•Urethra: tube from the bladder to the outside of the body through which urine passes
•Renal arteries & veins: take oxygenated blood to the kidneys & deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys, respectively.
•Nephron: tube-like structure in the kidneys that ______wastes from the body and retains useful molecules; microscopic functional unit of the kidney
Interconnections
The system that brings wastes/toxins to the kidneys for filtering:
______
Other system that involves sweat:
______
Other systems closely related:
______
______
______
Reproductive
Function
•Produce ______and to nourish and protect offspring until birth
Structures
•Male: testes, vas deferens, epididymis, penis
•Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, cervix
Interconnections
This system controls the hormones associated with the reproductive organs:
______
Other systems related to the reproductive system
______
______
______