Body Systems

Human body has:

– 100 trillion cells

– 4 basic kinds of ______

– About 22 internal organs

– 11 organ ______interacting together

Four levels of organization in the body:

______ ______ ______ ______

(Smallest  largest)

Integumentary

Skin, hair and nails

Function:

•Protection against ______, ______, and fluid loss.

•Helps maintain ______by regulating body ______.

Structures:

•Skin: the ______organ of the body; it is made of two layers the epidermis and the dermis

–Epidermis: ______layer of skin

–Dermis: ______layer of skin

•Sweat glands

•Sebaceous (oil) glands

Interconnections:

Other systems that provide protection:

______

______

Other systems that help maintain homeostasis:

______

______

______

Skeletal

Bones, joints, ligaments

Function:

•______and ______the body & organs

•Bones produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Structures

•Two Parts

–Axial Skeleton

–Appendicular skeleton

Axial Skeleton

•______

•Vertebral column

–Cervical

–Thoracic

–Lumbar

–Sacral

•______

•Sternum

Interconnections:

Other systems that provide protection:

______

______

Other systems that provide movement:

______

______

Other systems that use blood cells made by the skeletal system:

______

______

Muscular

Muscles- skeletal, cardiac and smooth

*Recall that muscle cells have lots of mitochondria since they need lots of ______

Function

•______limbs and trunk,

•moves substances through the body (peristalsis);

•provides ______and structure.

Structure

3 Types of Muscle Tissues:

•Skeletal—______muscles; voluntary
•Smooth—vessels and ______; involuntary
•Cardiac—______; involuntary

Interconnections:

Other systems that provide movement:

______

______

Other systems that are made of muscle tissue:

______(cardiac tissue) ______(smooth tissue)

Other systems that benefit from the muscles ability to move substances throughout the body:

__________________

____________

Nervous System

Brain, neurons and spinal cord

Function

•Receives and sends ______through chemicals

–creates a response to stimuli.

•Regulates ______and the other ______systems

–controls sensory and motor functions

•Maintains ______

Divisions

•Central Nervous System

–______= Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Hypothalamus, Brain Stem, Medulla

–______

•Peripheral Nervous System - all ______branching from the cord.

–Cranial – nerves from the brain

–Spinal – nerves from the spinal cord

•Autonomic Nervous System – performs functions ______such as: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and even sleep.

Structures

•Brain:

–Cerebrum – controls ______, language, reasoning and perception.

–Cerebellum – controls coordination, ______, balance, & posture.

–Hypothalamus – controls body temperature, ______, thirst & homeostasis.

–Medulla – controls the regulation of breathing & ______

–Brain Stem – is made up of pons, medulla, and the midbrain, which regulate the body’s ______processes.

•Neuron- ______cells that transmit information throughout the body

•Spinal Cord- dense ______of ______that runs through the vertebral column.

–Links the brain to the peripheral nervous system

Interconnections

The nervous system is connected to ______other system because it controls and regulates all functions of the body

Endocrine

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries/testis

Function

•Regulates the normal everyday functions of the body

–secreting ______causing a regulatory effect or a defensive effect.

•Helps maintain ______

•Regulates other organs

Examples: adrenaline rush, breathing rate, heart rate, body temp

Structure

Interconnections

The endocrine system is connected to every other system because it helps regulates all organs and provides a regulatory or defense effect for our other systems

Immune

Skin, white blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen

Function

•Defends against pathogens and disease:

1)Creates a ______to prevent pathogens from entering your body

2)If pathogens get into the body, the immune system tries to ______and ______it before it can make itself at home and reproduce.

3)If the pathogen is able to ______and start causing problems, your immune system is in charge of eliminating it.

When you are sick a mild ______, even though it temporarily disrupts homeostasis, is ______as it helps to inhibit the growth of pathogens (like viruses) and stimulates the immune system response.

Structure

•______-primary boundary between germs and your body.

–Skin is tough and generally impermeable to pathogens.

•Thymus - produces ______

•Spleen – ______the blood looking for foreign cells and old red blood cells in need of replacement.

•Lymph system – collects and recycles fluids leaked from the circulatory system and is involved in fighting infections

–The lymph detect and remove bacteria from the blood plasma.

•Bone marrow – produces new ______and ______blood cells. The marrow produces all blood cells from stem cells.

•White blood cells - white blood cells destroy pathogens . Some examples of white blood cells are Leukocytes, Lymphocytes, B-cells, T-cells, Helper T-cells, Phagocytes, and Macrophages.

•Antibodies – produced by white blood cells; respond to a specific bacteria, virus or toxin.

The immune system and allergies:

•Allergy- The body’s inappropriate response to an ______, which can be a common substance that is typically harmless.

•Most allergic reactions are just uncomfortable:

–swelling, redness, increased mucus production, runny nose, itchy eyes, etc.

•There are some severe allergic reactions, though, that can be life threatening.

Interconnections

Other systems involved in protection:

______

______

This system produces bone marrow:

______

Saliva is anti-bacterial and found in this system:

______

Blood cells are apart of this system:

______

Respiratory

Mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, bronchi/alveoli

Function

•Moves air into and out of the ______

•Controls gas exchange between blood and lungs.

•Helps to maintain ______

Structures

•Larynx: ______, vibrations produce noise

•Glottis: opening to the trachea (______)

•Trachea: windpipe carries ______

•Pharynx: back of ______, beginning of trachea

•Epiglottis: covers the glottis as we swallows

•Bronchi: two branches (left & right bronchus) at lower end of trachea

•Bronchioles: smaller branches located in lungs

•Diaphragm: muscle that ______to allow air to enter the lungs

•Lungs: right lung- four lobes, left lung- three lobes, ______

–Your lungs contain almost 1500 miles of airways and over 300 million alveoli.

–Every minute you breathe in 13 pints (26 cups or 6.14 liters) of air.

•Alveoli: air filled sacs where ______and carbon dioxide are exchanged

Trace a breath through the respiratory system:

•External Nares Nostrils/Mouth

•Pharynx

•Larynx

•Trachea

•Bronchi

•Brochioles

•Alveoli

Interconnections

Other systems that involve exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the blood:

______

The system that helps compose the lungs (made of smooth tissue):

______

The other systems involved in helping us breathe:

______

______

Circulatory

Heart, blood, blood vessels

Functions

•______nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases through a series of organs and vessels;

•involved in maintaining ______

Structures

•2 Parts:

–Cardiovascular (heart-vessel) System

–Lymphatic System (often listed separately)

Structures

Structures

•Atria: 2 top chambers of the heart

–______the blood

–Left and right atrium

•Ventricles: 2 bottom chambers of the heart

–______the blood

–Left and right ventricle

•Septum: separates the right & left sides of the heart

•Aorta: carries oxygenated blood to body

•Superior vena cava: carries blood from head to heart (deoxygenated)

•Inferior vena cava: carries blood from body to heart(deoxygenated)

•Arteries: carry blood ______from the heart (oxygenated, except in pulmonary arteries)

•Veins: Carry blood to the heart (deoxygenated, except in pulmonary veins)

Interconnections

The other system that involves exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the blood:

______

The other system that involves lymph nodes:

______

The other system that makes blood cells:

______

This system is composes the cardiac tissue in the heart:

______

Nutrients absorbed in this system are circulated throughout the body:

______

Digestive System

A series of organs involved in ______and ______breaking down food with the help of enzymes & bacteria, and absorbing nutrients for the body’s ______and ______.

Function

•break up ______molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) into small subunits (amino acids, glucose, glycerol, and fatty acids)for energy

•helps body maintain ______

Structures

Mouth – Digestion ______here

Salivary Glands – Secrete enzymes to help with digestion

Esophagus

–tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach

–pushes food down the tube through peristalsis

Stomach

– ______digestion

–protein digestion with pepsin or HCl

Small Intestine

– Completes digestion

– ______nutrients; trypsin, lipases, bile

Large Intestine

–Reabsorbs Water

– Passageway for ______

Gall Bladder – Stores ______

Pancreas

–Secretes enzymes into small intestine

– produces ______(endocrine hormone for sugar regulation)

Liver

–Secretes bile

–Purifies ______

–Removes ______

*Food does NOT pass through these 3 organs!

Interconnections

Nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine and carried throughout the body by this system:

______

This system controls peristalsis:

______

This system gets rid of the waste produced by the digestive system:

______

These systems are also closely linked:

______

______

______

Excretory

Kidneys, bladder, urethra, sweat glands

Functions

•______metabolic/nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream

•Controls the ionic composition of the blood.

•______wastes outside of body.

•Involved in maintaining homeostasis.

Structures

•Kidney: Filters waste from ______, produces urine

•Ureter: Carries urine from kidney to bladder

•Urinary Bladder: Stores ______

•Urethra: tube from the bladder to the outside of the body through which urine passes

•Renal arteries & veins: take oxygenated blood to the kidneys & deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys, respectively.

•Nephron: tube-like structure in the kidneys that ______wastes from the body and retains useful molecules; microscopic functional unit of the kidney

Interconnections

The system that brings wastes/toxins to the kidneys for filtering:

______

Other system that involves sweat:

______

Other systems closely related:

______

______

______

Reproductive

Function

•Produce ______and to nourish and protect offspring until birth

Structures

•Male: testes, vas deferens, epididymis, penis

•Female: ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, cervix

Interconnections

This system controls the hormones associated with the reproductive organs:

______

Other systems related to the reproductive system

______

______

______