STUDY GUIDE FOR ANATOMY 1 FINAL LAB PRACTICAL EXAM AND FINAL EXAM

Body orientation and direction

Be familiar with correct anatomical position

Be able to identify all of the body regions listed in figure 1.1 a and b in the lab manual.

Know the following terms for orientation: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, cranial, caudal, dorsal, ventral, proximal, distal, superficial, deep, parietal, visceral

Know the common sections: sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal, frontal, transverse

Tissues: Know the functions of the 4 types of tissues: epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

Membranes: Know the composition and functions of the 4 types of membranes: cutaneous, mucous, synovial, serous

Histology:

Be able to identify the following tissues types under the microscope and know their general functions and examples where these types are found: simple squamous epithelial, simple cuboidal epithelial, simple columnar epithelial, pseudostratified columnar epithelial (ciliated/non-ciliated), stratified squamous epithelial, transitional epithelium, adipose, reticular loose connective, dense regular connective, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, bone, blood, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle

Skin: Be able to identify on a model or label the following on a diagram and know functions:

Hair shaft, hair follicle, sebaceous (oil) gland, eccrine sweat glane, arrector pili muscle, epidermis (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum), dermis (papillary layer and reticular layer), hypodermis, Pacinian corpuscle

Typical long bone: Be able to identify the following in a diagram:

diaphysis, periosteum, perforating (Sharpey’s fibers), epiphyseal plate/ epiphyseal line, marrow, endosteum, articular cartilage

Bones For lab practical, you need to be able to identify ALL of the bones on a skeleton, skull, or disarticulated. For the final exam, you will need to be able to identify ALL of the bones on a diagram.

Also know the following bone markings and other skeletal structures for the lab practical and final exams:

Bone markings on skull:

coronal suture, sagittal suture, lambdoid suture, squamous suture

mental foramen, superior orbital fissure, optic canal, inferior optical fissure

mastoid process, occipital condyle, styloid process (temporal bone), zygomatic process, mandibular condyle, coronoid process, sella turcica, cribriform plate, crista galli, foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, jugular foramen

Be able to identify and know the functions of the sinuses: frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus, sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinus

Vertebral column: know how many cervical, thoracic lumbar, sacral, coccyx vertebrae there are

Vertebrae: be able to identify spinous process, body, vertebral foramen, transverse process, superior articular process, dens

Be able to determine which TYPE of vertebrae you are examining (Atlas, axis, cervical, thoracic, or lumbar) based on these structures

Ribs. Know differences between true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs

Scapula: acromion and corocoid process and glenoid cavity and spine

Humerus: head, capitulum, coronoid fossa, medial and lateral epicondyle, trochlea, olecranon fossa, surgical neck

Ulna: olecranon process, trochlear notch

Pelvic bone: acetabulum, pubic crest, pubic symphysis, ilium, iliac crest, sacral promontory, obturator foramen Be able to discern if a pelvic bone is female or male

Femur: head, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, patellar surface, lateral condyle, medial condyle, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle

Tibia: lateral condyle, medial condyle, medial malleolus

Fibula: lateral malleolus

Fetal skeleton: Be familiar with relative size of cranium to face, function of fontanels

Joints

Know the following movements: flexion, extension, hyperextension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, rotation, supination, pronation, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion,

inversion, eversion, elevation, depression, opposition

Muscle tissue: Be familiar with the structure and organizational levels of skeletal muscle:

thin and thick filaments --> sarcomerers --> myofibril (organelle) --> muscle fiber (covered by endomysium) --> fascicle (covered by perimysium) --> muscle (covered by epimysium)

Know how smooth and cardiac and skeletal muscles compare based on these features: striation, regulation (voluntary vs. involuntary), where the various types are found

Muscles Be able to identify muscles the muscles shown in Figures 10.4 and 10.5 in the textbook on a model or diagram.

Know the functions of the suprahyoid muscles, infrahyoid muscles, splenius capitus and splenius cervicis, erector spinae, diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, internal intercostal muscles, pectoralis major, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, triceps brachii, biceps brachii/brachialis/brachioradialis, pronator quadratus, quadriceps femoris, hamstrings

Nervous tissue: FOR FINAL EXAM ONLY Be familiar with the different parts of the neuron (dendrites, cell body, axon hillock, axon, axon terminals). Also be famililar with the functions of the main types of glial cells (oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cell, Satellite cell). Know the roles of myelination. Know the difference between afferent, efferent, and interneurons. What is a ganglion? What is a nerve, and where are nerves found? What is a tract? What is a synapse? What is a neurotransmitter?

FOR LAB PRACTICAL:

Microscope: be able to identify the connective tissue wrappings found in the cross section of a nerve: endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

Brain Be able to identify on a model or label the following on a diagram and know functions: Cerebrum (frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, central sulcus, longitudinal fissure, primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex), olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, optic chiasma, optic nerve, optic tract, pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, corpus callosum, fornix, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, Know the difference between gray matter and white matter. Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater. Choroid plexus

I will probably have you identify a brain structure from the sheep dissection too.

Cranial nerves Be able to identify on a model or label the following on a diagram and know the functions of the 12 cranial nerves.

Spinal cord and spinal nerves Be able to identify the following structures on the 3 D model or label a diagram and know the functions: gray matter, white matter, dorsal horn, lateral horn, anterior horn, gray commissure, central canal, dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion, ventral root, dorsal ramus, ventral ramus

Autonomic nervous system: Be aware of the following distinctions between the parasymphathetic and symphathetic nervous systems.

PNS: fibers issue from cranial and sacral regions, long preganglionic fiber and short postganglionic fibers that synapse in terminal ganglia, function in rest and digest (example slows heart rate, constricts pupil, increases digestion)

SNS: fibers issue from thoracic and lumbar regions, short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers, functions in “fight or flight” (example increases heart rate and force of contraction for exercise, dilates pupil, mobilizes nutrients for emergency). Adrenal gland is a modified sympathetic ganglion that releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood to reinforce SNS

Eye Be able to identify on a model or label the following on a diagram and know functions:

lacrimal apparatus, superolateral excretory duct, lacrimal punctum, nasolacrimal duct

lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique

lens

ciliary body

suspensory ligament

cornea

iris

pupil

sclera

choroid

retina

fovea centralis

optic nerve

optic disc (blind spot)

Know the functional differences between rods and cones

Know the function of aqueous humor and vitreous humor

Be able to identify the following from the sheep eye: lens, ciliary body, retina, sclera, cornea

Retina slide: be able to identify the photoreceptors (rods and cones), bipolar cells, ganglion cells

Ear

Pinna (auricle)

external auditory canal

tympanic membrane

malleus, incus, stapes

semicircular canals

vestibule (saccule, utricle)

pharyngotympanic tube

cochlea

round window

Cochlea slide: Be able to identify the microscopic cross section of the cochlea (including spiral organ of corti), hair cells, basilar membrane

Heart Be able to identify on a model or label the following on a diagram and know functions:

right atrium and auricle

left atrium and auricle

right ventricle

left ventricle

superior vena cava

inferior vena cava

coronary sinus

ascending aorta

aortic arch

brachiocephalic artery

left common carotid artery

left subclavian artery

pulmonary trunk

left pulmonary artery

right pulmonary artery

left pulmonary veins

right pulmonary veins

apex

base

tricuspid valve

bicuspid/mitral valve

aortic semilunar valve

pulmonary semilunar valve

chordae tendinae

fossa ovalis

ligamentum arteriosum

coronary sulcus

anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus

anterior interventricular artery

circumflex artery

posterior interventricular branch

marginal artery

great cardiac vein

middle cardiac vein

interartrial septum and interventricular septum

also know the structure and function of pericardium and the three layers of the walls of the heart

sheep dissection: identify the septa, atria, ventricles, auricles, chordae tendinae, apex, base, valves

Blood vessels (final exam only, not lab practical except those vessels noted above for the heart):

Know the structure and function of the vascular tunics

Know the structure and function of: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, precapillary sphincters, veinous valves

Be familiar with the pulmonary and systemic circuits

Be able to label the arteries and veins from the lecture notes on the slides marked “Know these arteries” and “Know these veins” and the other vessels noted with an asterisk

Histology: be able to differentiate between vein and artery cross section

Blood (covered on final exam only, not the lab practical exam)

Know the structure, relative numbers, function of the following constituents of blood:

erythrocytes, leukoytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils), platelets, plasma.

What is hematocrit?

Know the structure and function of hemoglobin and the three states of hemoglobin

Know the 4 ABO blood types, which antigens (agglutinogens) and which antibodies are found in each type; know the difference between whole blood transfusion and packed red blood cell transfusion and which blood transfusions are compatible to avoid transfusion reaction

Know Rh factor and its role in hemolytic disease of the newborn

Respiratory system Be able to identify on a model or label the following on a diagram and know functions:

·  Olfactory epithelium, olfactory nerves

·  inferior/middle/superior nasal conchae and meatuses

·  pharyngotympanic tube

·  hard and soft palate

·  uvula

·  pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual tonsils

·  oropharynx

·  laryngopharynx

·  larynx: epiglottis (elastic cartilage), thyroid cartilage (hyaline cartilage), cricoid cartilage (hyaline cartilage),, arytenoid cartilage (hyaline cartilage), glottis, false and true vocal cords

Note where hyaline cartilage rings, plates are found and where smooth muscle is found in the respiratory tree

·  trachea

·  lung: apex, root, cardiac notch, visceral pleura, parietal pleura, pleural cavity

·  diaphragm muscle

·  main bronchi, main (primary) bronchus, secondary (lobar) bronchus, tertiary (segmental) bronchus

·  respiratory bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

Cat dissection: be able to identify lung, diaphragm, trachea, cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage

Microscope: be familiar with the structures seen in the cross section of the trachea (adventitia, hyaline cartilage, seromucous gland in submucosa, lamina propria, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)

Lung section: Identify respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac. Be familiar with the differences between normal lung and emphysema lung specimens.

Digestive System

Gross Anatomy

•  Be able to identify on models or label them and know functions:

•  Parotid, sublingual, submandibular glands (know differences in saliva composition, too)

•  labial frenulum

•  hard and soft palate

•  palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch

•  tongue and three types of taste buds: filiform papillae, fungiform papillae, circumvillate papillae

•  uvula

•  Pharynx

o  Esophagus

o  Stomach, stomach regions: cardia, fundus, body, pyloris, rugae

o  Greater omentum

o  Lesser omentum

o  Falciform ligament

o  Pancreas

o  Liver including route for bile secretion and hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic vein

o  Gallbladder

o  Cystic duct

o  Common hepatic duct

o  Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

o  Large intestine: transverse colon, ascending colon, vermiform appendix, cecum, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

Tooth model: parts of tooth: crown, root, neck, dentin, pulp and pulp cavity, root canal, enamel cementum , apical foramen, periodontal ligament

Cat dissection:

•  Gallbladder

•  Liver

•  omentum

•  Small intestine

Histology Be able to identify tissues on slides and know functions of various structures

General GI tract: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa (adventitia)

·  Stomach (be familiar with tissue types including 3 muscular layers and gastric pits and gastric glands

·  esophagus (be familiar with tissue types)

·  Duodenum: identify mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa, villi, intestinal crypts.

·  jejunum observe 4 tunics, villi,

·  Liver: notice lobule, central vein,

·  pancreas: acinar cells and Islets of Langerhans

Urinary System

Gross anatomy:

Be able to identify on model or label diagram and know functions

Kidney

Adrenal gland

Urinary bladder

Urethra

ureter

Be able to identify on model or label a diagram of kidney:

Renal column

Major calyx

Minor calyx

Papilla of pyramid

Cortex

Medulla

Renal vein renal artery

Arcuate vein

Arcuate artery

Renal pelvis

Ureter

Interlobar vein

Interlobar artery

Segmental artery

Fibrous capsule

Renal Hilum

Identify in cat dissection: kidney, renal artery and vein, ureter, urinary bladder

Be able to identify the following on dissected kidney: cortex, renal pyramid in renal medulla, renal columns, renal pelvis, ureter, major and minor calyces

Identify on model or label diagram of nephron and know functions:

Afferent arteriole

Efferent arteriole

Glomerulus

Peritubular capillaries

Vasa recta

Bowman’s capsule

Proximal tubule

Loop of Henle (descending and ascending limb)

Collecting duct

Microscopic anatomy. Be able to identify:

Renal tubules

Glomerulus

urinary bladder

Reproductive System

Male Gross Anatomy: Be able to identify the following on a diagram or model:

·  Seminal vesicle

·  Ductus (vas) deferens

·  Ampulla of ductus deferens

·  Ejaculatory duct

·  Prostate

·  Bulbourethral gland

·  Corpus spongiosum of urethra (bulb of penis)

·  Urethra: Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra

·  Corpus cavernosum

·  Corpus spongiosum

·  Glans penis

·  Epididymis

·  Testis including lobule, septum, tunica albuginea, tunica vaginalis, rete testis

·  Scrotum

·  penis

·  know structures in spermatic cord (vessels, nerves, ductus deferens, connective tissue sheath)

Microscopic Male Anatomy: Be able to identify the following on slides: