Exam 3 Review – Key

2009

  1. What is home range?
  1. What are some home range characteristics?
  1. True /False Smaller species generally have a larger home range.
  1. What are three general values of a species having a home range?
  1. How does familiarity of home range aid in individual or group efficiency?
  1. What is the ultimate benefit of a homer range?
  1. What does the size and shape of the home range depend upon?
  1. True / False Patchy, locally abundant resources tend to increase resource size.
  1. What generally has a larger home range, males or females?
  1. What are factors that affect home range?
  1. What factor ultimately affects home range size?
  1. How can home range be determined?
  1. What are methods of calculating home range?
  2. What is territory (the “better” definition)?
  1. What is the difference between home range and territory?
  1. Why is territory defended?
  1. What are some examples of limited resources?
  1. What is the ultimate benefit of territories?
  1. True / False Territoriality is common in vertebrates.
  1. True / False Only individuals are territorial.
  1. What is defendable?
  1. When are females economically defendable?
  1. Territories may be either fixed or ______.
  1. What is an example of a mobile territory?
  1. What doe the size of the territory depend on?
  1. What is meant by type of territory?
  1. How is territory usually defended?
  1. What are some consequences of territoriality?
  1. What is home range?
  1. What are some home range characteristics?
  1. True /False Smaller species generally have a larger home range.
  1. What are three general values of a species having a home range?
  1. How does familiarity of home range aid in individual or group efficiency?
  1. What is the ultimate benefit of a homer range?
  1. What does the size and shape of the home range depend upon?
  1. True / False Patchy, locally abundant resources tend to increase resource size.
  1. What generally has a larger home range, males or females?
  1. What are factors that affect home range?
  1. What factor ultimately affects home range size?
  1. How can home range be determined?
  1. What are methods of calculating home range?
  1. What is territory (the “better” definition)?
  1. What is the difference between home range and territory
  1. Why is territory defended?
  1. What are some examples of limited resources?
  1. What is the ultimate benefit of territories?
  1. True / False Territoriality is common in vertebrates.
  1. True / False Only individuals are territorial.
  1. What is defendable?
  1. When are females economically defendable?
  1. Territories may be either fixed or ______.
  1. What is an example of a mobile territory?
  1. What doe the size of the territory depend on?
  1. What is meant by type of territory?
  1. How is territory usually defended?
  1. What are some consequences of territoriality?
  1. What is coloration a result of?
  1. What are the two main types of color?
  1. Describe general characteristics of chemical colors.
  1. What are the four types of chemical colors?
  1. Describe Melanins (colors).
  1. What is albinism?
  1. Describe Carotenoids.
  1. Describe Tetrapyrroles.
  1. Describe Guanines
  1. What are two types of structural colors?
  1. Describe scattering of light.
  1. Describe interference.
  1. How is the color green achieved?
  1. What is white?
  1. How do colors change?
  1. True / False Seasonal color changes are primarily found in birds, but not mammals.
  1. Where is seasonal color change prominent?
  1. True / False Some species will stay brown if not exposed to cold weather/
  1. Seasonal changes usually involve ______molt/
  1. Where does rapid color change take place?
  1. How quickly can rapid color changes occur?
  1. How does rapid color change occur?
  1. What are the functions of color?
  1. What is meant by interspecific signals?
  1. What are the types of predator/prey interactions?
  1. Describe cryptic coloration (general description)
  1. What are the types of cryptic coloration?
  1. Describe disruptive colors.
  1. Describe countershading
  1. Describe cover-eye.
  1. What is disguise cryptic coloration?
  1. What is mimicry?
  1. What is aposematic coloration?
  1. What are the types of mimicry?
  1. Describe Batesian mimicry.
  1. Describe Mullerian mimicry.
  1. Describe Mertensian mimicry.
  1. What are the five types of communication?
  1. What is communication?
  1. ______usually alters behavior of the ______and

individuals may ______roles.

  1. Describe acoustic signals.
  1. In what ways can acoustic repertoire be modified?
  1. True / False Natural selection will favor signals that contrast with noise.
  1. What is an example of both abiotic and biotic [environmental] factors that may obscure signials.
  1. Why is it important to produce a signal that contrasts with unpredictable noise?
  1. What is an example of a non-vocal sound.
  1. Describe visual signals.
  1. Visuals signals tend to be ______, ______, and ______.
  1. True / False Natural selection favored development of markings that focus attention to the head.
  1. How is visual communication usually displayed in mammals?
  1. What are types of chemical signals?
  1. What characteristics of chemical signals?
  1. What are functions of scent marking with urine or feces?
  1. Where can scent glands be found?
  1. What functions do scent glands serve?
  1. Describe olfactory communication in fish.
  1. Describe tactile signals.
  1. Some ______can detect electric signals.
  1. How do fish use electric signals?
  1. What are the stages of an individual’s life?
  1. What does the Life History theory explain?
  1. The life history theory concentrates on traits that directly impact fitness. What are these traits?
  1. True / False Life history traits do not vary independently from each other.
  1. Fast-life strategies are associated with _____-selection.
  1. Slow-life strategies are associated with ______-selection.
  1. What are characteristics of fast-life strategies?
  1. What are characteristics of slow-life strategies?
  1. What are the three major life history activities?
  1. ______are limited so investment in one trait comes at the ______of investment in other traits.
  1. Though we can control for differences in body size, we still may observe the ______to ______continuum in strategies.
  1. Though we control for differences for differences in ______we can still observe the slow to fast continuum in strategies,
  1. Physiological ______in energy allocated among growth, reproduction, and somatic maintenance.
  1. Fast growth = ______reproductive output = ______life.
  1. Slow growth = ______reproductive output = ______life.
  1. True / False High adult mortality favors fast life histories while low adult mortality favors slow life histories.
  1. What selection pressure(s) favor different strategies?
  1. What are extrinsic mortality factors? (examples)
  1. True / False Life history strategies do not vary with latitude.
  1. Are the differences in life history strategies (that vary with latitude) due to taxonomic groups? (i.e. do species of the same group display different life history strategies depending on latitude – habitat/environment)
  1. What cause the latitudinal pattern in life history strategies?
  1. What causes the different mortality rates and thus, different life history strategies (in the garter snakes)?
  1. What are the three ways ingested chemical energy is used in the body?
  1. Assimilation = ______+ ______+______
  1. Ingestion = ______+ ______
  1. Ingestion = ______+ ______+ ______+ ______
  1. What is the definition of ingestion?
  1. What is the definition of respiration?
  1. Assimilation – Respiration = ______
  1. What does BMR stand for?
  1. What does BMR mean?
  1. What does SMR stand for?
  1. What does RMR stand for?
  1. True / False RMR and SMR stand for the same thing.
  1. What does RMR mean?
  1. What does FMR stand for?
  1. What does FMR mean?
  1. When is maximum metabolic rate exhibited?
  1. True / False Burst activity is fueled by aerobic pathways and can be maintained for long periods of time for nearly all animals.
  1. What does DEE stand for?
  1. What are reasons reasons metabolic rates may vary?
  1. Assimilated Energy = ______
  1. Growth + Daily Energy Expenditure = ______
  1. True / False Rates of heat loss vary across body surfaces differ between animals and often change adjustments in blood flow or insulation.
  1. Circle one: Larger / Smaller animals use energy faster than larger / smaller animals.
  1. What is Mass-specific metabolic rate?
  1. Circle one: Mass-specific metabolic rates get lower as body size increases / decreases.
  1. What is the trend in rate of a reaction in relation to temperature? (How does the reaction rate change as temp increases?
  1. What happens when organisms get too hot?
  1. True / False Warmer animals can move, digest, perhaps think faster; acquire more resources.
  1. What does a higher reaction rate mean? (for the animals)
  1. Label the lines with regulator or conformer and explain why each one belongs with that line.

  1. What is a homeotherm?
  1. What is a Poikilotherm?
  1. Name three things vertebrate body temperature varies with?
  1. What are the different avenues of heat exchange?
  1. Heat Storage =______+/- ______+/- ______+/-______- ______
  1. What happens to Tb at each of the following?
  2. Heat Storage (S) = 0
  1. S > 0
  1. S < 0
  1. Define Endotherm.
  1. Define Ectotherm.
  1. The ______is the thermometer of the CNS and the ______and surface tissues are the thermometers of the peripheral nervous system.
  1. What types of animals are Ectotherms?
  1. What types of animals are Endotherms?
  1. What happens to the metabolic rate of endotherms as ambient temperature increases?
  1. What happens to the metabolic rate of endotherms as ambient temperature increases?
  1. What is the Thermoneutral zone?
  1. What are costs and benefits of endothermy?
  1. What are costs and benefits of ectothermy?
  1. What are methods of keeping warm in the cold?
  1. How is heat production increased?

186.  Describe spatial heterothermy.

  1. In temporal heterotermy, endothermy is ______at times.
  1. Hibernation is ______heterothermy.
  1. True / False Evaporative cooling is the only mechanism for keeping body temperature below environmental temperature.
  1. True / False Panting and sweating are types of evaporative cooling.
  1. What is torpor?
  1. When does Torpor occur?
  1. What is another term for torpor?
  1. What vertebrates become torpid (or dormant)?
  1. How are ectotherm and endotherm torpor different?
  1. The types of torpor are ______torpor and ______torpor.
  1. How often can daily torpor occur?
  1. What are two types of seasonal torpor?
  1. How is daily torpor beneficial?
  1. What types (size, class) animals experience daily torpor?
  1. Why do small mammals / birds utilize daily torpor?
  1. In daily torpor, the body temperature falls _____ - ______C below the animal’s ______normal temperature. Also, oxygen consumption is less than ______to ______of the normal consumption rate.
  1. Describe what happens during winter torpor or hibernation.
  1. What is the only known avian hibernator?
  1. What types of mammals hibernate?
  1. What factors induce hibernation?
  1. Describe the three steps to entering hibernation.
  1. True / False A sudden drop in temperature results in deeper torpor in hibernating species.
  1. At what temperature are arctic ground squirrels either frozen or awake?
  1. True / False Hibernation is a continuous torpid state for months.
  1. True / False In all mammals that hibernate, arousal takes about the same time.
  1. Hibernation arousal is an ______process involving a high rate of ______production. ______fat tissue generates heat during the early stages of arousal.
  1. What are the stages of hibernation arousal (3)?
  1. Since arousal from hibernation takes a lot of energy (it is equivalent to the energy used in ~10 days of hibernation), why do animals “wake-up?”
  1. Where do herps usually spend winter?
  1. Freezing is not lethal to herps.
  1. How do ice crystals physically damage cells and tissues (when the animal freezes)?
  1. What happens when freeze tolerant herps are frozen?
  1. What is cryoprotectant?
  1. What happens to extracellular body water when herps are frozen?
  1. What is estivation?
  1. What animals estivate?
  1. What is a benefit or torpor?
  1. What are costs of torpor?
  1. True / False Torpor is a last resource when animals cannot deal with environment in a better way (such as insulation, or migration).
  1. What is the oldest field of biological study?
  1. Behavior is the action or ______of individuals in response to a ______.
  1. Causes of behavior are either ______or ______.
  1. What are proximate factors? (definition and examples)
  1. What are ultimate factors? (definition)
  1. What was the historical view on nature vs. nurture?
  1. How has that view changed?
  1. What are intra-specific behaviors?
  1. Describe social interactions.
  1. True / False Solitary species never take part in social interactions.
  1. True / False All aggregations of animals are social.
  1. Why do animals participate in social interactions?
  1. Name the types of social interactions.
  1. What are the two factions of reproduction?
  1. Describe courtship.
  1. Describe parental care.
  1. What is altruism or altruistic behavior?
  1. True / False Most social behaviors are selfish.
  1. What are agonistic behaviors?
  1. What are aggressive displays?
  1. Contests may result in dominance ______.
  1. Which individuals in a group are generally more dominant?
  1. What is an advantage of a dominance hierarchy?
  1. What is territoriality?
  1. What is effective social organization dependent upon?
  1. What are examples of these modes of communication?
  1. What are benefits of being social?
  1. What are costs of being social?
  1. What are the parts to understanding behavior?
  1. What are the axioms of behavior?