Review Topics for Final (3rd) Exam

General Biology I

2012 Fall

Mitosis

• Relate cell division to the reproduction of unicellular organisms and the growth

and repair of multicellular organisms.

• Name two general functions of cell division.

• Describe a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome.

• State the stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle, and describe what happens during

each stage.

• Describe how the cell cycle is believed to be controlled, and relate this

mechanism to the development of cancer.

• Draw a series of diagrams illustrating the phases of mitosis in animal cells, and

tell what happens during each phase; describe cytokinesis in animal cells.

• State differences between plant & animal cell mitosis; describe cytokinesis in

plant cells.

• Describe the prokaryotic chromosome and the process of binary fission.

Meiosis

• State the general role of meiosis in plant, animal, and fungal life cycles.

• Describe & state the significance of homologous chromosomes.

• Give an overview of the process of meiosis and its stages, emphasizing the main

events.

• Describe synapsis (bivalent formation), and tell how crossing-over occurs.

• Describe the phases of meiosis I in detail.

• Describe the phases of meiosis II in detail.

• Describe the human life cycle, and compare the process of meiosis to that of

mitosis.

• Compare the process of spermatogenesis to that of oogenesis.

Mendelian Genetics

• Mendel’s Experimental Tool – Pea Plant Characteristics

• Mendel’s Principle of Segregation: Monohybrid Crosses

• Punnett Square Analysis

• Concepts of Homozygous Dominance; Homozygous Recessive; Heterozygosity;

Alleles

• Pedigree Charts for Human Traits: Dominant Pedigree: Juvenile Glaucoma;

Recessive Pedigree: Albinism

• Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment: Dihybrid Crosses

• Probability: Predicting Results of Crosses (Rule of Addition and Rule of

Multiplication)

• Testcross: Revealing Unknown Genotypes

• Extensions of Mendelian Genetics:

• Polygenic Inheritance (Human Height) More than one gene affects a single trait

• Pleiotropy: A single gene can affect more than one trait

• Incomplete Dominance: Example Four O’clock Flowers

• Codominance: Example Human ABO Blood Group System; Concept of Multiple

Alleles

• Genes May Be Affected By Environment: Effect of Temperature on Siamese Cat

Coat

• Epistasis: Corn Color

Modern Genetics

• Sex Linkage and the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance:

• Morgan’s Tool: Gene for Drosophila Eye Color and the concept of Sex

Chromosomes

• Human Sex Determination: Concept of X and Y Chromosomes

• Sex-linked Human Genetic Disorder: Hemophilia – The Royal Family

Hemophilia Pedigree

• Barr Body – concept of X-Chromosome Inactivation and Dosage Compensation

• Nondisjunction of autosomes (example Down Syndrome) and Sex Chromosomes

• In utero detection methods for genetic defects: Amniocentesis, Chorionic villi

sampling

• Exceptions to the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance: Concept of Maternal

Inheritance – Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

• DNA as Genetic Material:

• Griffith’s Tool: Streptococcus pneumonia and Transformation

• Avery, MacLeod, McCarty: DNA as Transforming Principle

• Hershey & Chase: Phage Genetic Material is DNA

DNA

• DNA structure – phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base

o Complementation, hydrogen bonds, phosphodiester bonds,

purines/pyrimidines

o

• DNA replication – semi-conservative

o DNA polymerase, helicase, topoisomerase, primase, primer,

Okazaki fragments, single strand binding proteins, leading strand,

lagging strand, DNA ligase.

Transcription & Translation

• Garrod: inherited disorders involve enzymes (Alkaptoneuria)

• One Gene-One Polypetide Theory

• Central Dogma

• Genetic Code: Reading Frame, Degeneracy

• Overview of Transcription:

• Template/Coding DNA strands

• Types of RNA

• Process of transcription: RNA Polymerase; Initiation, Elongation, Termination

(basic overview only)

• Overview of Translation:

• tRNA structure: Acceptor end/anticodon loop

• Ribosomes: P, A and E sites

• Process of translation: Initiation, Elongation, Termination (basic overview only)

Gene Expression

• Operons - Lac Operon, Trp Operon

• Differential gene expression

• Regulation of chromatin structure – acetylation, methylation

• Ras & p53 – role in cancer

Biotechnology:

• Molecular Cloning:

• Enzymes: Restriction Endonucleases, DNA Ligase

• Plasmid Vectors: MCS, Ori, Selection

• Transformation: Introducing DNA into E.coli

• Application: Human Insulin can be mass produced in E.coli

• Genetic Engineering: Knockout and Transgenic Mice (Concept Only) Use

examples of Leptin KO and GH transgene

• Applications:

• Human Insulin can be mass produced in E. coli

• GM crops: Insect resistant crops (Bt crops) and Golden Rice as examples