Latin American Revolutions

Latin American Revolutions

Latin America

· From ______to 1800, Latin America was ______by Europe, especially ______

· European nations used ______to gain wealth from their American colonies

· Catholic ______from Spain & France ______Indians

Impact of European Exploration

· One major impact of European colonization was the ______social hierarchy in Latin America

· ______Europeans were at the top of society

· ______were royal ______sent by the king to enforce mercantilism & maintain ______in the colony

· Spanish colonists living in America were called ______; They had land & ______but had no political power

· The lack of European ______in America led to intermarriage & a large ______-race population that made up the next level of the ______hierarchy

· ______were the offspring of Europeans & ______

· Indians & African slaves made up the ______of the social hierarchy

· Indians & slaves were used as workers for ______plantations

From 1800 to 1830, Latin American colonies began declaring ______from European nations & establishing ______throughout the Americas

Influence of the Enlightenment

· By the late ______, Latin Americans were inspired to gain independence because of the success of the ______& French Revolutions

· The ideas of the ______inspired independence especially among the well-______creole class

Haiti

· Haiti was a ______colony with 500,000 African slaves working on sugar & ______plantations

· Plantation owners used ______methods to control slaves

· In 1791, Haitian ______rose in revolt; Toussaint ______became the leader of the slave uprising & helped ______all the slaves by 1801

· ______was the first Latin American colony to ______itself from European rule

· From 1802 to ______, Haitians fought for their independence against Napoleon’s ______army

· In 1804, France granted Haiti its independence & created a ______

Throughout the ______colonies in South America, the creoles had ______& ______but could not participate in government

Creoles embraced Enlightenment ideas like ______& ______of the governed

In 1810, the demand by creoles for ______rights led to revolutions throughout South America

South American nations gained their independence because of the leadership of two creole ______

Simon Bolivar

· From 1811 to 1824, Venezuelan creole Simon ______led an army of revolutionaries against Spain

· Bolivar helped create new nations of Grand ______, Peru, Bolivia

· Called ______(liberator), Bolivar was a brilliant ______, a visionary, a ______, and a fighter

· He is called the “George ______of South America”

· Bolivar planned to ______the Spanish colonies of South America into a single country called Gran ______.

· The area of upper ______was renamed ______in his honor

· Discouraged by political disputes that tore the new Latin American nations apart, he is reported to have said, “______is ungovernable. Those who have served the revolution have ______the sea.”

Jose de San Martin

· Argentinean creole ______led the independence movement in southern South America

· San Martín helped create new nations of ______, Chile & Peru

· Unlike the dashing ______, San Martin was a ______man.

· Through born in ______, he spent much of his youth in ______as a career military officer.

· He fought with Spanish forces against ______

· He returned to Latin America to be part of its ______from Spain

· Fighting for 10 years, he became the liberator of ______, Chile, and ______

· Discouraged by political infighting, San Martin sailed for ______

· He died, almost forgotten, on ______soil, in 1850

Miguel Hidalgo

· Unlike the South America creoles, in ______the Indians & mestizos played the ______role

· In 1810, a poor but well educated ______priest named Miguel ______used Enlightenment ideals to call for a revolution against Spain

· Hidalgo led an army of ______Indian & mestizos revolutionaries against the Spanish military & creoles who feared losing their ______

· During the rebellion, Hidalgo was ______but Mexicans found new leaders to continue the fight another ______years

· The turning point in the war came in ______when the creoles switched sides & joined the
revolt against Spain

· In ______, Spain granted Mexico its ______& a republic was formed

Latin American Republics

· Throughout Latin America, new democratic ______were created

· But, Latin Americans did not have a history of ______-______& many of the new governments were unstable

· In many nations, military ______called ______seized power & made few ______for citizens

· Latin America became ______on the USA