AP Psychology Unit 10 Study Guide -- Personality
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective: Exploring the Unconscious
A. Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas
1. Free association
2. Psychoanalysis
3. Unconscious
4. How did Sigmund Freud’s treatment of psychological disorders lead to his view of the unconscious mind?
B. Personality Structure
5. Id
6. Ego
7. Superego
C. Personality Development
8. Psychosexual stages
9. Oedipus complex
10. Electra complex
11. Identification
12. fixate
Freud’s Psychosexual StagesStage / Approximate Age / Focus
13. Oral
14. Anal
15. Phallic
16. Latency
17. Genital
D. Defense Mechanisms
18. Defense mechanisms
19. Repression
7 Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanism / Unconscious Process Employed to Avoid Anxiety-Arousing Thoughts or Feelings / Example
20. Regression
21. Reaction formation
22. Projection
23. Rationalization
24. Displacement
25. Sublimation
26. Denial
EVALUATING FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE
27. How do contemporary psychologists view Freud’s psychoanalysis?
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES AND MODERN VIEWS OF THE UNCONSCIOUS
A. The Neo-Freudian and Psychodynamic Theorists
28. Psychodynamic theories
29. Alfred Adler
30. Karen Horney
31. Carl Jung
32. Collective unconscious
33. Archetypes
B. Assessing Unconscious Processes
34. Projective tests
35. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
36. Rorschach inkblot test
37. What are projective tests?
38. How are projective tests used?
39. What are some criticisms of projective tests?
C. The Modern Unconscious Mind
40. False consensus effect
41. Terror-management theory
42. How has modern research developed our understanding of the unconscious?
HUMANISTIC THEORIES
A. Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person
43. Humanistic theorists
44. Self-actualization
45. How did humanistic psychologists view personality?
46. What was their goal in studying personality?
B. Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective
47. Unconditioned positive regard
C. Assessing the Self
48. How did humanistic psychologists assess a person’s sense of self?
D. Evaluating Humanistic Theories
49. How have humanistic theories influenced psychology?
50. What criticisms have they faced?
TRAIT THEORIES
A. Trait Theories
51. Traits
52. Factor analysis
53. Hans and Sybil Eysenck
54. How do psychologists use traits to describe personality?
B. Assessing Traits
55. Personality inventories
56. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
57. What are personality inventories?
58. What are their strengths and weaknesses as trait-assessment tools?
C. The Big Five Factors
59. Which traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variation?
The “Big Five” Personality Factors / Description60. Conscientiousness
61. Agreeableness
62. Neuroticism (emotional stability v. instability)
63. Openness
64. Extraversion
D. Evaluating Trait Theories
65. Does research support the consistency of personality traits over time and across situations?
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORIES AND EXPLORING THE SELF
A. Social-Cognitive Theories
66. Social-cognitive perspective
67. Behavioral approach
68. Reciprocal determinism
69. Who first proposed the social-cognitive perspective?
70. How do social-cognitive theorists view personality development?
B. Assessing Behavior in Situations
71 How do social-cognitive researchers explore behavior, and what criticisms have they faced?
C. Exploring the Self
72. Spotlight effect
73. Self-efficacy
74. How important is self-esteem to psychology and to human well-being?
D. Self-Serving Bias
75. Self-serving bias
76. Narcissism
77. How do defensive and secure self-esteem differ?
E. Culture and the Self
78. Individualism
79. Collectivist
Value Contrasts Between Individualism and CollectivismConcept / Individualism / Collectivism
80. Self
81. Life task
82. What matters
83. Coping method
84. Morality
85. Relationships
86. Attributing behavior