AS Psychology Developmental Approach

Name

Describe the background to Samuel & Bryant’s study – at what age to children conserve according to Piaget?

What was the aim of Samuel & Bryant’ study?

Describe the participants in Samuel & Bryant’ study.

What method did Samuel & Bryant use and what was the design?

Look at the table below which has been done for volume. Using it to guide you and using the plasticine and counters provided, try to complete the other two tables… Volume …

Pre transformation / Pre Transformation Question / Transformation / Post Transformation Question
Two Questions / Shown two same size beakers of water / Asked if either beaker contains more water or same / One beaker poured into another beaker / Asked if either beaker contains more water or same
One Judgement / Shown two same size beakers of water / One beaker poured into another beaker / Asked if they are the same or different or same
Fixed Array / Shown two beakers of water, one tall one small each containing the same amount of water / Asked if they are the same or different

Mass …

Pre transformation / Pre Transformation Question / Transformation / Post Transformation Question
Two Questions
One Judgement
Fixed Array

Number...

Pre transformation / Pre Transformation Question / Transformation / Post Transformation Question
Two Questions
One Judgement
Fixed Array

Results (Mean number of errors made)– complete the following table, what do the results tell us?

Age / Standard / One Judgement / Fixed Array
5years
6 years
7 years
8 years

Compete the following paragraph by filling in the missing words:-

There were ______children in the sample. They all came from ______in ______. They were divided into ______groups. The children were __, __, __ & __ years old. Each group was subdivided into ___ more groups matched by age. There were ____ children in each subgroup and they were tested using ______different types of materials. These were ______, ______and ______. There were 3 different conditions. The children were asked ______questions or ______question or ______array. This last group did not see the ______being made.

Strengths of the Study … / Weaknesses of the Study
P
E
E
P
E
E
/ P
E
E
P
E
E

Section A questions…test your knowledge by answering these short answer questions: holah.co.uk

(a) From the study on conservation by Samuel & Bryant, outline the main differences between the children’s responses to the “one question condition”, compared to the “two question condition” (Piaget’s original design).

[2]

(b) Suggest reason for this difference.

[2]

2. The study by Samuel & Bryant is usually described as a criticism of Piaget’s explanation of cognitive development. However, the results also contain some support for Piaget. From the results of the study,

(a) Give one piece of evidence that challenges Piaget

[2]

(b) Give one piece of evidence that supports Piaget.

[2]

(a) In the study by Samuel and Bryant on conservation, in the ‘one question condition’ children are asked a question about number, mass or volume, only after they have seen the substance changed in front of them. Identify the othertwo conditions of this experiment.

[2]

(b) In addition to these conditions, two other factors affected the children’s ability to conserve. Identify both of these factors.

[2]

6. The study by Samuel and Bryant looks at cognitive development.

(a) Describe one way in which the results show cognitive development has taken place.

[2]

(b) Suggest one problem that psychologists face when studying development.

[2]

7. The study by Samuel and Bryant on conservation highlights a criticism of Piaget's original method of testing. Outline this criticism.

[4]

SECTION B QUESTIONS

a)What was the aim of the Samuel and Bryant study?(2 marks)

______

b)Describe the sample used in the Samuel and Bryant study and give one limitation of it.(6 marks)

______

c)Describe how data was gathered in the Samuel and Bryant study.(6 marks)

______

d)Give one advantage and one disadvantage of the way data was collected.(6 marks)

______

e)Suggest two changes to the Samuel and Bryant study and outline any methodological implications these changes may have. (8 marks)

______

f)Outline the results of the Samuel and Bryant study.(8 marks)

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AS Psychology Developmental Approach

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AS Psychology Developmental Approach

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AS Psychology Developmental Approach

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AS Psychology Developmental Approach

Strengths & Weaknesses of Bandura’s Study?

1 / 2
3
4
5
6 / 7
8 / 9
10
11
12 / 13
14
15
Across:
1. / The total number of response units recorded for each child
3. / Observers were sat behind this
4. / The place were the university nursery was
7. / One type of imitative or non-imitative aggression
9. / Children spent this number of minutes in the experimental room
10. / Children were assigned to aggressive model or non-aggressive model conditions using this method
11. / Children were shown how to make prints using this vegetable
12. / If a child shot darts at objects in the room, the child was noted down as exhibiting aggressive ......
15. / A matched pairs design ensures participants only take part in this number of conditions
/ Down:
1. / Each child spent this long (in minutes) with the model
2. / Bandura was interested in this.
3. / The aggressive model hit the Bobo doll with this.
5. / The sex of the model that also became an observer for all 72 experimental sessions.
6. / A type of imitative and non-imitative aggression
8. / The room with the 'special toys' was used to increase this in the children.
13. / The aggressive model hit the Bobo doll on his ....
14. / One example of spoken imitative aggression

Section A questions…test your knowledge by answering these short answer questions: holah.co.uk

In Bandura’s study on aggression the researchers observed the ‘imitative aggression’ (copying behaviour of the model) and the ‘non imitative’ aggression of the children. Give one example of imitative aggression and one example of non-imitative aggression in the study. (2)

______

Why did the researchers look at both types of aggression?(2)

______

The introduction to the study of Bandura, Ross and Ross (transmission of aggression) includes four predictions (hypotheses)

aGive one of these predictions. (2)

______

bEvaluate whether the results of the study support this prediction.(2)

______

In the study by Bandura’ Ross & Ross on aggression, the researchers used a ‘matched pairs’ design.

aHow were the children matched in this study?(2)

______

bWhy were they matched in this study?(2)

______

SECTION B QUESTIONS

a)What was the aim of Bandura’s study?(2 marks)

______

b)Describe the sample used in the Bandura study study and give one limitation of it.(6 marks)

______

c)Describe how data was collected in Bandura’s study.(6 marks)

______

d)Suggest changes to your chosen study. (8 marks)

______

e)Outline the methodological implications of the changes you have suggested.(8 marks)

______

He also suggests there are three parts to our personalities. Label the table below with the correct term:-

Freud’s Theory of Personality
Name / Definition / An example from real life

Ego defence mechanisms…

… the ego’s job is to defend us from dangerous or harmful impulses, feelings or behaviour … Freud suggests that conflicts in our lives e.g. with our families can lead to feelings of anxiety or guilt … he suggests that the ego does this through ego defence mechanisms. There are lots of these but make sure you understand a couple which might be helpful in the study …

Denial / Repression / Displacement

And the final thing you need to know before we look at the study is that Freud thought we all went through stages in our development, he called these the psychosexual stages … with your teacher’s help, complete the following table:-

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Age / Name / Pleasure source / Conflict
0–2
2–4
4–5
6–puberty
Puberty onward
Strengths & Weaknesses of the Psychodynamic Perspective

What three elements were in Freud’s idea of the mind?
What is the difference between pre-conscious and unconscious?
What is the child like part of the personality called?
What is the voice of ‘conscience’ called in Freud’s theory?
What three elements were in Freud’s idea of the mind?
What is the difference between pre-conscious and unconscious?
What is the child like part of the personality called?
What is the voice of ‘conscience’ called in Freud’s theory?
Name 2 methods used by Freud.
Identify what you think is the biggest weakness in Freud’s theory?

FREUD (1909) ‘Analysis of a Phobia in a Five Year Old Boy’

Read the study in your text book and complete the following revision template …

Aim of Study
Action Research – what does this mean?
Key Events in the Study …
Little Hans was born in 1903.
aged 3 when …
aged 3½ when …
aged 3½ when …
aged 3¾ when …
aged 4 when …
aged 4½ when …
aged 4¾ when …
aged 5 at …
Method and design
Case Study
/ Event / Freudian interpretation / Conclusion / Alternative interpretation
Hans, aged 3–3¾, was very interested in his own – and others’ penises. / Hans was moving from the anal stage of psychosexual development to the next stage. / Hans was entering the phallic stage of psychosexual development. / 1.
Hans is jealous over the birth of his sister, Hannah. / Hans was displaying jealousy of another rival for his mother’s attention. / Hans was displaying the Oedipus complex. / 2.
Hans asked his mother why she did not powder his penis. / This was a seduction attempt of mother. / Seduction attempt – Oedipus complex / 3.
Hans felt anxiety over mother’s desertion. / Sexual arousal of being taken into his mother’s bed. / Oedipus complex – love for his mother / 4.
Hans had a fear of being bitten by a white horse with black blinkers and bit. / The white horse symbolised his father.
The blinkers and bit were symbolic of his father’s glasses and moustache / Castration anxiety / 5.
Hans has a giraffe dream: taking the crumpled (smaller) giraffe away from the big one. / This symbolised taking his mother away from his father. / Oedipus complex – love for his mother / 6.
Hans had a fear of horses falling down/
fear of heavily loaded carts. / This was a death wish against his father, fear of another birth due to jealousy over mother’s attention. / The wish was to remove his father plus Oedipus complex. / 7.
Hans had a fear of his mother letting him fall in the bath. / This was a fear of being punished for wanting Hannah to fall in the bath, a death wish against his sister. / Oedipus complex. / 8.
Hans had a dream of plumber providing a large penis. / This was symbolic of Hans wanting to be like his father. / This was a fear of castration, although starting to identify with his same-sex parent: the beginning of the resolution of the Oedipus complex. / 9.
Hans had a fantasy about being a father with his own mother. / Wish fulfilment of growing up to be with his mother, while keeping his father as a grandfather, rather than killing him. / This is the resolution of the Oedipus complex. Hans no longer had a death wish against his father. / 10.

…so how would you evaluate Freud?

Section A – Short Answer Questions …

Outline two pieces of evidence used by Freud to suggest that Hans’ fear of horses was symbolic of his fear of his father. (2)

______

From the study by Freud, briefly describe one of Little Hans’ dreams or fantasies.(2)

______

The study by Freud contains the following extract of a conversation between Hans and his father.
Father: When the horse fell down did you think of daddy?
Hans:Perhaps, yes it’s possible.

What was Hans’ father trying to find out with this questioning?(2)

______

Give one problem with this kind of questioning.(2)

______

4aIn a study by Freud. Hans is referred to as ‘Little Oedipus’. Briefly describe the Oedipus complex.

(2)

______

4bOutline one piece of evidence from the study that is used to support the claim that Hans is a ‘little Oedipus’. (2)

______

SECTION B QUESTIONS

a)What was the aim of Freud’s study?(2)

______

b)Describe how the data was gathered in Freud’s study.(6)

______

c)This study uses the case study method. Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of the case study method. (6)

______

d)Outline the main findings of this study.(6)

______

e)Describe another way Freud could have investigated this aim and outline how this may have affected the results. (8)

______

In the Core Studies exam, you could be asked a question on the Developmental Approachin Psychology. The question could look something like this:-

a)Outline one assumption of the developmental approach in psychology.(2)

b)Describe how the developmental approach could explain aggression.(4)

c)Describeone similarityand one difference between any two developmental studies.(6)

d)Discussstrengths and weaknesses of the developmental approach using any examples from developmental approach studies. (12)

b)Describe how the developmental approach explains aggression (4)

______

c)Describe how the developmental approach explains the development of children’s thinking.(4)

______

d)Describe how the developmental approach explains the development of personality.(4)

______

e)Describeone similarityand one difference between any two developmental studies.(6)

______

f)Discussstrengths and weaknesses of the developmental approach using any examples from developmental approach studies. (12)

Acceptable Strengths / Acceptable Weaknesses
-It offers an explanation on why individuals of differing ages demonstrate different intellectual abilities, social skills and emotional responses.
- It adds to the continuing nature versus nurture debate. / -It is often claimed to be reductionist.
-Many proposals in relation to age-related development have been shown to be too rigid
-Ethical concerns may be raised as it relies too heavily on the use of children.

______

______
Similarities & Differences!!!

Similarities / Samuel & Bryant / Bandura / Freud
Samuel & Bryant / Similarities : use of opportunity samples of children; looking at development of important behaviour; both useful to teachers & parents; / Similarities
Bandura / Differences; one emphasises nature, one nurture / Similarities
Freud / Differences / Differences

Describeone similarityand one difference between any two developmental studies.(6)

____________

Strengths & Weaknesses of Developmental Approach …

Discussstrengths and weaknesses of the developmental approach using any examples from developmental approach studies. (12)

Point / Explain / Example
Paragraph
1 / One strength is …
Paragraph
2 / Another strength is …
Paragraph
3 / One weakness is …
Paragraph
4 / Another weakness is …

In the Core Studies exam, you could be asked a question on the Psychodynamic Perspectivein Psychology. The question could look something like this:-

a)Outline one assumption of the psychodynamicperspective in psychology.(2)

b)Describe how the psychodynamicperspective could explain phobias.(4)

c)Describeone similarityand one difference between any two psychodynamic studies.(6)

d)Discussstrengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic perspective using any examples from studies that take a psychodynamic view. (12)

These are the two studies you can use for the Psychodynamic perspective:How do they link?

b)Describe how the psychodynamicperspectiveexplainsmultiple personality disorder. (4)

______

b)Describe how the psychodynamicperspective explains the development of phobias.(4)

______

c)Describeone similarityand one difference between any core studies that can be viewed from the Psychodynamic perspective. (6)

______

d)Discussstrengths and weaknesses of the Psychodynamic perspective using any examples from core studies that can be viewed from the Psychodynamic perspective. (12)

Acceptable Strengths / Acceptable Weaknesses
It allows psychologists to:
- Suggest causes for mental disorders.
- Suggest why individuals behave in ways they cannot easily explain or understand.
- To see how behaviour can develop over time as a result of subconscious forces. / - Studies which take this perspective often use unrepresentative samples.
- Methodology may not be objective and therefore open to bias.
- The perspective is based on concepts that are difficult to test and verify scientifically.
- Ethical concerns may be raised.

______

These are the two studies you can use for the Behavioural perspective:How do they link?

The Terrible Story of Little Albert …

b)Describe how the Behavioural perspectivecould explainaggression.(4)

______

c)Describeone similarityand one difference between any core studies that can be viewed from the Behavioural perspective. (6)

______

d)Discussstrengths and weaknesses of the Behavioural perspective using any examples from core studies that can be viewed from the Behavioural perspective. (12)

Acceptable Strengths / Acceptable Weaknesses
-It allows psychologists to investigate the effect of theenvironment on behaviour.
-It is very scientific and usually uses controlled experimental methods.
-It provides a strong counter-argument to the nature side of the nature-nurture debate. / -It is reductionist as it ignores the influences of nature and cognition on behaviour.
-Use of this perspective often relies on laboratoryexperiments which lack ecological validity.
-Ethical concerns may be raised.
-Many animal studies are used which open up the ethical debate/cause problems when generalising to humans.

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