1.COURSE:
/ 6841Horticulture I / Unit A / Leadership, Careers and SAEESSENTIAL STANDARD: / 1.00 / 10% / C3 / Examine leadership opportunities related to the horticulture industry.
Objective: / 1.01 / 5% / C2 / Discuss the organization available for students in horticulture.
A.FFA is a federally chartered organization for students interested in agriculture.
- Integral to agricultural education program
- One of three components – classroom and laboratory instruction, Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE), and FFA.
- Develops leadership, citizenship, cooperation, communication skills and teamwork
B.The levels of the FFA in North Carolina
- Local chapter
- Federation
- Region
- North Carolina FFA Association
- National FFA Organization
C. FFA Traditions and Ceremonies
- FFA Mission Statement-FFA makes a positive difference in the lives of students by developing their potential for premier leadership, personal growth and career success.
- FFA Motto-Learning to Do, Doing to Learn, Earning to Live, Living to Serve.
- FFA Colors-national blue and corn gold.
- FFA Official dress- white collared shirt, FFA jacket (zipped up), black pants or skirt, black shoes, FFA tie or scarf.
D.FFA Emblem
- Cross section of the ear of corn symbolizes common agricultural interest.
- Eagle symbolizes the national scope of the FFA.
- Owl symbolizes knowledge and wisdom.
- Plow symbolizes labor and tillage of the soil.
- Rising sun symbolizes agricultural opportunity and progress.
- Agriculture Education and FFA symbolizes the combination of learning and leadership necessary for progress in agriculture.
E.Officers and Symbols
- President sits beside the rising sun and presidesover meetings.
- Vice President sits beside the plow and calls the roll of officers, coordinates committee work and assumes presidential duties in the absence of the president.
- Secretary sits beside the ear of corn and keepsaccurate minutes of chapter meetings..
- Treasurer sits beside the emblem of Washingtonand keeps financial records.
- Reporter sits beside the American flag and informs and reports events.
- Sentinelwelcomes members and guests and assists the president in maintaining order.
F.Other FFA Events
- Banquets
- Career Development Events (CDEs) –
- Floriculture/Introduction to Horticulture/Nursery Landscape – develop skills used in the industry
- Parliamentary Procedure – how to conduct business meetings
- Public Speaking – communication skills
- Committees –
- Chairmen learn to lead a small group to accomplish a common task
- Committees are a good way to set goals and make plans to establish the local program of activities
- Conventions – state and national
- Conferences
- Community service
COURSE: / 6841 Horticulture I / Unit A / Leadership, Careers and SAE
ESSENTIAL STANDARD: / 1.00 / 10% / C3 / Examine leadership opportunities related to the horticulture industry.
Objective: / 1.02 / 5% / C3 / Demonstrate parliamentary procedures and public speaking used in horticulture business meetings.
A.Main objectives of Parliamentary Law
1.Focus on one item at time this helps prevents confusion.
- Extend courtesy to everyone. You should be recognized before speaking.
- Observing the rule of the majoritykeeps unpopular ideas from being adopted.
- Ensure the rights of the minority, all sides can make motions, second motions, discuss and vote.
- Definition of Parliamentary Procedure is using well-defined rules to conduct business through a formal, organized approach.( Roberts Rules of Order).
- Presiding officer should be fair and impartial and should leave the chairman’s station and relinquish chairman’s duties to discuss or present a motion. The symbol of authority is the gavel.
- Parliamentary Procedure Vocabulary:
- Agenda is a list of what will be discussed at a business meeting. The agenda should be prepared before the meeting.
- Motion is to present a new idea or item of business. (“I Move”)
- Amend is to change a motion.
- Majorityis more than half; group that controls the most votes.
- Minority is less than half; opposite of majority.
- Quorum isthe amount of people that must be present for the group to make decisions or changes. The number varies with the kind of assembly.
- Legislative assemblies often set the quorum as a majority of the total membership present in order for business to be transacted.
- Voluntary associations (ordinary societies) may use a smaller number than a majority for their quorum to conduct business.
- Most groups include their requirement for a quorum in the bylaws of the organization.
- Parliamentary Abilities:
- Main motionpresents a new idea or item of business. Only one can be on floor or before the group at the same time. It is debatable, amendable, requires a second and majority vote.
- Steps to make a main motion:
- Address presiding officer.
- Receive recognition to speak.
- State motion-“I move to…” or “I move that…”
- Another member secondsthe motion (to show that more than one person wants the item of business before the group).
- Motion is discussed.
- Vote on motion.
- Chair announces result of vote.
- Discussiongives members opportunities to discuss pros and cons of the main motion. Requires a 2/3 vote to stop discussion.
- Previous Question isto stop a discussion. It is not debatable or amendable and requires a 2/3 vote.
5. Voting (there are two kinds of votes)
- majority
- 2/3 majority
6. Four methods of voting
- voice vote
- visual vote (standing or raising hands)
- roll call
- ballot
- Amendment is to change a motion by striking out or adding words. It is debatable, amendable, requires a second and a majority vote.
- Division of the House is to get a counted vote. It is not debatable or amendable. Member seeking a division does not have to be recognized by the chair to speak. You say “Division”.
- Refer to a committeeplaces the motion in a committee or small group.
- The motion is debatable, amendable, requires a second and a majority vote.
- The motion should include the number on the committee, how they are appointed, their powers, duties and when to report back.
- Powers may be to report, to report with recommendations, or to act on behalf of the chapter.
- Tabling a Motion
- Lay on the Table is to postpone a vote on an item of businessfor the sole purpose of handling a more important item of business.
- Take from the Tableis brings an unfinished item of business back onto the floor for discussion.
- Other Motions
- Point of Order isused to correct a parliamentary mistake. It is not debatable or amendable and does not require a second or a vote. Member says “I rise to a point of order”.
- Appeal is used to appeal the chair’s decision after a point of order has been made. It is debatable, not amendable, requires a second and a majority vote.
- Suspend the Rules is a motion used to temporarily suspend the rules of an organization. It is not debatable or amendable and requires a second and a 2/3 vote.
- Adjourn is to close the meeting (requires simple majority vote). It is not debatable or amendable, requires a second and a majority vote. A motion to adjourn takes precedence over all other motions.
- Gavel Uses
- One tap means to sit down, announce vote or adjourn.
- Two taps means to call meeting to order.
- Three taps means to stand up.
- Prepared Public Speaking
- Types of speeches
- Informative speeches give information.
- Persuasive speeches are given to change or sway someone mindof the audience to align with the message of the speaker.
- Extemporaneous or impromptu speeches are given with little or no forethought.
- Create a speech
- Purpose
- Audience
- Occasion
- Select a topic
- Choose a topic that interests you.
- Choose a topic you are knowledgeable about.
- Choose a topic of interest to you audience.
- Brainstorm with a list of topics and write down key words.
- Gather information from a variety of materials, books, internet, personal interviews, etc.
- Write down your ideas including, name of source, web address, page number and author.
- Create an outline to help you organize your ideas.
- Write the speech the way you talk.
- Three basic parts of a speech.
- Introduction of the speech grabs the attention of your audience.
- Body of the speech begins with the main points of your speech, arrange them in logical order.
- Conclusion of the speech summarizes the main points of your speech.
- Be enthusiastic, smile, use gestures, have good eye contact, and be sincere when presenting your speech.
- For a thorough rubric to improve speaking skills refer to the National Prepared Public Speaking Career Development Event.
COURSE: / 6841 Horticulture I / Unit A / Leadership, Careers and SAE
ESSENTIAL STANDARD: / 2.00 / 10% / C3 / Examine careers related to horticulture.
Objective: / 2.01 / 5% / C2 / Discuss careers and skills necessary for employment in the horticulture industry.
A.Horticulture
- Horticulture comes from the Latin word meaning “garden cultivation”.
- Horticulture is the cultivation, processing and marketing of flowers, ornamental plants, vegetables, fruits and nuts.
B.Divisions of Horticulture
- Pomology is the science and practice of growing, harvesting, storing, processing and marketing tree grown fruits.
- Olericulture is the science and practice of growing, harvesting, storing, processing and marketing vegetables.
- Floriculture is the science and practice of growing, harvesting, storing, processing and marketing flowering plants.
- Landscape and nursery industry is the science and practice of propagating, growing, planting, maintaining, and using grasses, annuals, shrubs and trees.
- Viticulture is the science and practice of growing, maintaining and processing grapes.
- Horticulture Industry Careers
1.Greenhouse/nursery employee grows vegetables, fruits, flowers including cut flowers, bedding plants, potted plants, hanging baskets and landscaping plants. Employees do both sexual and asexual plant propagation.
2.Garden center employee cares for plants, moves plants and supplies, arranges and displays plants and supplies, and sells plants and supplies.
3.Grounds maintenance employee cares for the land area and plants that surround a business, school, church, industry or other public or private places that have lawns and plants that have to be maintained (includes IPM).
4.Golf course employee is responsible for maintenance of golf courses including turf grass maintenance on fairways, greens, tees, etc. and pest management, irrigation and drainage, sand trap, trees and shrubs, buildings and equipment.
5.Park employee maintains plants, grounds, buildings, facilities, equipment and driveways in national, state, city or privately owned parks.
6.Inspectors check plants and materials for disease, insects and other quality issues.
7.There are also many careers in the field of agricultural biotechnology such as technician, researcher, marketing specialist, and much more!
8.There are also career opportunities in working for USDA, EPA, and the FDA.
9.Sales positions in a variety of wholesale and retail areas. You can work for a seed company or a wholesale grower
10.Green Industry employees work in jobs that are environmentally friendly and have to do with reusing, recycling and reducing the carbon footprint.
- Skill, Personal and Educational Qualifications
1.Skills vary from unskilled to highly skilled depending on the career in horticulture. A materials handler needs few skills, but an inspector needs many skills to check for quality, for insects or diseases or for following governmental rules.
2.Personal interests and qualifications include:
- Working inside or outside or a combination.
- Working in a group or alone.
- Working with people or plants.
- Working at routine tasks or varying tasks.
- Physical strength to do the job.
- Educational qualifications vary depending on the careers.
- High school graduate or less for unskilled entry-level job.
- Technical education for skilled jobs.
- Bachelors, masters or doctorial degrees for most professional areas because of required licenses, paper work, research and /or teaching.
COURSE: / 6841 Horticulture I / Unit A / Leadership, Careers and SAE
ESSENTIAL STANDARD: / 2.00 / 10% / C3 / Examine careers related to horticulture.
Objective: / 2.02 / 5% / C3 / Implement an SAE.
A. SAE (Supervised Agricultural Experience)
1.The purpose of the SAE is to gain work experience in agriculture and build life skills.
2.SAE is a project completed outside of class time that deals with any division of agriculture:
- Plants
- Animals
- Any agriculture business
- Agricultural science experiments
3.SAE is your major project for this class. It counts for 30% of your last quarter grade.
B. Six Major Types of SAE
- Entrepreneurship is planning, implementing, operating and assuming financial risks in an agricultural business or farming activity.
- Example: raising plants to sell, owning a lawn maintenance business or owning a farm supply store.
- Record book-type of enterprise, amount of items bought or sold, expenses, income, efficiency factors, etc.
- Experimental is planning and conducting an agricultural experiment using the scientific process or scientific method.
- Example: comparing different fertilizer rates on plants.
- Record Book-review of literature, hypothesis, data log, findings, recommendations, etc.
- Analytical is identify an agricultural problem that cannot be solved by experiments and designing a plan to investigate and analyze the problem.
- Example: making a marketing display.
- Record Book-title of activity, identification of problem, background information, steps to solve problem, project log of what was done, results, and recommendations.
- Placement is placing students in jobs outside the regular classroom hours. They may be paid or unpaid (volunteer) work.
- Example: working at a farm supply store, at a greenhouse or for a landscape company.
- Record Book-training agreement signed by student, teacher, employer and parent or guardian stating which each will do, record of work, hours and income.
- Exploratory is helping students learn about agriculture and become aware of possible agricultural careers through short times spent observing, shadowing or helping.
You may have to combine more than one exploratory experience.
- Example: attending a career day, interviewing a veterinarian or assisting a horse owner.
- Record Book-date, activity, observation and comments and hours.
- Improvement is a series of activities that improves the value or appearance of the place of employment, school, home or community; the efficiency of a business or an enterprise; or the living conditions of the family.
- Examples include: building a fence, computerizing records, remodeling a building or repairing equipment.
- Record Book--date started, date completed, improvement activity and steps or tasks involved in the project, hours, costs.
- Additions to Your SAE
1.Supplementary is performing one specific agricultural skill outside of normal class time.
- This skill is not related to the major SAE but is normally taught in an agricultural program, involves experimental learning and contributes to the development of agricultural skills and knowledge on the part of the student.
- The activity is accomplished in less than a day and does not require a series of steps.
- Examples: pruning a tree, staking tomatoes or changing oil.
- Record Book-date, supplementary activities and comments, hours
- Why Should I Have an SAE?
1.Develop job skills.
2.Earn money.
3.Win FFA Awards.
4.Develop skills to start your own business.
5.Develop skills and knowledge that are helpful in college or work.
6.Learn about careers.
7.Keep accurate records.
8.Improve decision-making skills.
- SAE Project Requirements (teachers can set the number of hours)
- An “A” = 10 hours of work. Less than 10 hours will drop you a letter grade.
- You must keep up with your record book and take before, during and after pictures. Make sure you are in most of the pictures demonstrating your new skills.
- You must keep up with your time worked in your record book.
- You must get parent signatures in your book. You parents may be able to give you project ideas.
COURSE: / 6841 Horticulture I / Unit B / Plant Physiology
ESSENTIAL STANDARD: / 3.00 / 20% / C2 / Summarize plant anatomy.
Objective: / 3.01 / 5% / C2 / Discuss biological terms used to describe plants.
A.Life Cycle of Plants
- Annual is a plant that completes its life cycle in one year.
- Biennial is a plant that completes its life cycle in two years. It usually grows the first year and flowers the second year.
- Perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. Some perennials will grow and bloom the first year.
- Leaf Retention of a Plant
- Deciduous refers to plants that lose their leaves during the dormant season.
- Evergreen refers to plants that retain their leaves and remain green year round.
- Moisture in Plants
- Turgid is a plant that is swollen or filled with moisture.
- Wilted is a plant that is limp because it does not have enough moisture.
- Plant Growth
- Dormant is a stage when a plant rests or grows very little.
- Plants generally go dormant in response to adverse conditions such as extreme heat or cold.
- Botany is the part of biology that deals with plants.
- Season Crop Type
- Cool season plants relish cool temperatures, growing best in spring or fall. Example: pansy.
- Warm season plants grow best in warm temperatures, growing best in the summer and early fall. Examples: zinnia, marigold, and vinca.
COURSE: / 6841 Horticulture I / Unit B / Plant Physiology
ESSENTIAL STANDARD: / 3.00 / 20% / C2 / Summarize plant anatomy.
Objective: / 3.02 / 5% / C2 / Discuss the anatomy and functions of plants.
A.Leaves
- External parts
- Petiole is the leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem.
- Midrib is the large center vein.
- Blade is the large, flat part of the leaf.
- Veins are the structural framework of the leaf.
- Margin is the edge of the leaf.
- Apex is the leaf tip.
- Internal parts
- Upper and lower epidermis is the skin of the leaf that prevents the loss of too much moisture.
- Stomates are the small openings under the leaf for breathing or transpiration.
- Guard cells surround the stomates and regulate the open and close of the stomates.
- Chloroplasts are small green particles that contain chlorophyll, give leaves their green color and are necessary for photosynthesis.
- Functions of the leaf
- Photosynthesisis a process by which plants capture sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into food.
- Respiration converts sugars and starches into energy.
- Transpiration is the release of water vapor from the leaves of plants. It also cools the plant.
- Leaves additional
- Sessile describes leaves without a petiole (example zinnia).
- Bractsare modified leaves (example poinsettia).
- Needles and scales are modified leaves (example pine tree).
- Glabrous leaves or stems have a smooth non-hairy feel (example southern magnolia).
- Pubescent leaves or stems have a hairy feel (example African violet).
B.Stems
1.External parts
a.Lenticels are breathing pores found on stems and branches.
b.Bud scale scars indicate where terminal buds have been located.
c.Leaf scars indicate where leaves were attached.
d.Terminal bud is a bud on end of stem.
e.Axillary bud is the bud located at the axil of the leaf.
f.Lateral buds are buds on side of stem.
2.Internal parts
a.Xylem is the tissue that transports water and nutrients up from the roots to the stems and leaves.
b.Phloem is the tissue that transports food down from leaves to the roots.
c.Cambium is a thin, green, actively growing tissue located between the bark and wood and produces all new stem cells.
d.Bark is old inactive phloem.
e.Heartwood is old inactive xylem.