Microbiology and Parasitology
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERN OF BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM CLARIASGARIEPINUS AND OREOCHROMISNILOTICUS FROM ZARIA WATER
SALAWUDEEN1*, M.T., KAZEEM1, H.M., RAJI1, M.A., AND ONIYE2, S.J
1Department of veterinary Microbiology Ahmadu Bello University Zaria
2Department of Biological Sciences Ahmadu Bello University Zaria
*Correspondence: E-mail: ; Tel: +2348035968209
ABSTRACT
The emergence of antibiotic resistant microorganisms in the environment is no longer restricted to the hospitals as it was in the past. Five bacterial isolates each from of bacteria species isolated from Orechromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus were subjected to susceptibility tests to commonly used antimicrobial agent using standardized multiple disk and single disk methods such as cotrimoxazole 25ug, amoxycilin 25ug, gentamencin 10ug, nalidixic acid 30ug, oflaxacin 30ug, augumentin 30ug, tetracycline chloramphenicol 30ug, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 30ug, vancomycin 5ug, and methecillin 10ug, bacterial isolates tested are Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus species, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sub spp 3B, Pseudomonas stutzari and Bukholderia seudomallei with each bacterium being resistant to at least five antimicrobial agent while some were resistant to all the antimicrobial agent used. These findings could be of public health importance since humans consume these fish, though treated are still infected due to their resistance to antimicrobial agents.
Key words:Antimicrobial resistance, Bacteria,ClariasGariepinus,OreochromisNiloticus, Zaria
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FREQUENCY OF ISOLATION AND DRUG RESITANCE OF SALOMNELLA FROM WATER AND POULTRY FEED IN ZARIA, NIGERIA
1*MUSA, I.W., 1MANSUR, M.S., 2SA’IDU, L., 3ADAMU, J., 2ALIYU, H.B., 2 TALBA, A.M. and 1WAKAWA, A.M.
1Department of Veterinary Medicine; 2Veterinary Teaching Hospital; 3Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
ABSTRACT
Infections due to various Salmonella species to date remain a global issue. Domestic poultry constitute the largest reservoir of Salmonella organism in nature. This research was conducted to evaluate the roles of feed and water sources or contamination of feed and water due to poor hygienic practices on Salmonella persistence in commercial poultry farms in Zaria. A sample from each of five randomly selected commercial or toll milled feeds from sales outlets were obtained. Eighty four feed samples from poultry farms were also collected using sterile polyethene bags. Ninety four water samples either from the primary source or water reservoirs and drinkers on the poultry farms were collected using sterile universal bottles. Bacterial load enumeration of all water samples at 104 serial dilutions indicated colony forming units (CFU) above 30. Eight water samples were Salmonella positive while salmonella was not isolated from commercial feeds collected from sales outlets. However, eight of feed sampled from poultry farms were positive for salmonella. All the isolates were from farms that kept birds on deep litter. Three of the salmonella isolates came from commercial and five from self milled feeds. Isolated salmonella organisms showed highest susceptibility to ciprofloxacin but resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Feed, water and unhygienic practices are important means of multi-drug resistant salmonella dissemination and also serve as critical control points for salmonella in poultry flocks.
*Correspondence: ; ; 08036658789
PREVALENCE OF BABESIOSIS IN DOGS WITHIN ZARIA , KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
Okubanjo O.O.1,2,*; Adeshina O.A1; Jatau I.D.1
1Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology,Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
2Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue state.
*Corresponding Author e-mail:
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of canine babesiosis in dogs within Zaria. Between the months of May and August 2010, blood samples collected from 150 dogs were processed using Giemsa stained thin blood smear and examined for the presence of Babesia canis. Of the 150 dogs sampled, 84 (56%) were males and 66 (44%) were females. 116 (77.3%) were adults aged 1 year and above while 34 (22.7%) were young dogs less than 1 year of age. 111 (74%) were local breeds while 39 (26%) were foreign breeds and hybrid dogs. Of all the dogs sampled, 105 (70%) were not confined while 45 (30%) were confined. Babesiosis occurred in 14 (9.3%) dogs, of which 8 (7.5%) were adults and 6 (17.6%) were young dogs. Out of the 14 cases observed, 12 (11.4%) cases of babesiosis occurred in non confined dogs and 2 (4.4%) in confined dogs. Also, 7 (8.3%) out of 84 males sampled were infected, while 7 (10.6%) cases out of the 66 females samples were infected. The Babesia canis parasite was also observed to have a higher prevalence in foreign breeds and hybrid dogs (25.8%) than in the local breed of dogs (8.1%). During the course of the study, it was observed that some owners especially those that confined their dogs controlled the tick vector by bathing their dogs regularly with ectoparasiticides and DiazinonR, the most commonly used ectoparasiticide had proven quite effective in the control of the tick vector (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), while many owners especially those that did not confine their dogs were quite negligent in the control of the tick vector Rhipicephalus sanguineus and were only concerned when the dogs become ill. The owners were then advised to control the ticks, explaining to them the threat posed by the ticks to the health status of their pets.
First report of the occurrence of Antibodies to Neospora caninum inNative and Imported Breeds of Cattle in Nigeria
Ayinmode, A.B.1, Akanbi, I.M.2 and Meseko, C.A.3
1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
2Department of Agriculture and Natural resources,
Abattoir section, Ibadan. Oyo – State Nigeria.
3 National Veterinary Research institute
Vom, Nigeria.
Corresponding Author:
Ayinmode, A.B.
Email:
234 805 211 5020
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the sero-prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum infection in both local and imported breeds of cattle in Nigeria. Serum samples were collected from a total of 600 cattle for the study. One hundred samples from second generation imported (Friesian) breed of cattle located at a diary farm in the northern part of Nigeria. Five hundred samples were collected from 6 native breeds of cattle (White Fulani, Red Bororo, Sokoto Gudali, Kuri, Ndama and mixed breeds) brought from 14 different Nigerian states for slaughter at the Bodijaabattoir in Ibadan, Nigeria. The estimated seroprevalence of bovine neosporosis in both native and foreign breeds through the detection of antibodies to N. caninum by ELISA was 2.8% (14/500) and 4% (4/100)respectively. This study provides the first serological evidence of N. caninuminfection in cattle in Nigeria and suggests that the prevalence of neosporosis is low in both the imported and Nigerian native breeds of cattle. Our finding also suggests that the native cattle may have varying degree of susceptibility N. caninum infection.
Keywords: Neospora caninum; Nigeria; Neosporosis; Native breeds; imported breeds; Cattle.
STATE OF ON-FARM BOVINE MASTITIS CONTROL PROGRAMMES IN BENUE AND PLATEAU STATES, NIGERIA
By
S. J. Ikurior1*; I. I. Luga2
1Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi.
2Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi.
* Corresponding Author:
Abstract
The state of on-farm bovine mastitis control programmes was determined in nine (9) cattle farms via prospective studies over a period of four months in four (4) and two (2)local government areas in Benue and Plateau states respectively from only farms that have dairy herd. Questionnaires where used to generate responses from farm owners/managers on farm sites. Farmers answered questions about occupation, education, farm management and animal husbandry practices including disease control methods, hygiene and knowledge about mastitis. The study involved randomly selected cattle/dairy farms, which were intensively and extensively managed and included zero-grazed and free-grazing cows. 77.8% of the farms had prior knowledge of mastitis. 66.6% (six farms) where attempting control by treating the clinical cases with 33.3% of these cases washing udder with water only, and one farm (11.1) combining and practicing premilking washing of the udder, teat dipping, screening for mastitis and dry cow therapy as control measures against mastitis. The 77.8% of the farmers having knowledge about mastitis did not consider mastitis a major constraint to their milk production. 11.1% of the total sample population screened for mastitis. 44.4% of the target sample indicated constraints to mastitis control as insufficient veterinary services (11.1%), difficulty in diagnosing the disease (11.1%), low income (11.1%), inability to maintain hygienic practices especially during the rainy season. The various levels of implementation of mastitis control programmes on sampled cattle farms in Benue and Plateau states are shown.
PREVALENCE OF BABESIA VERMICLES IN HEMOLYMPH OF RHIPICEPHALUS SANGUINEUS TICKS IN ZARIA-KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
By
P. O. Amuta1*; B. D. J. George2 and O. O. Okubanjo3
1Department of Animal Health and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi.
2,3Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
* Corresponding Author:
Abstract
The prevalence of Babesia infections in ticks via the use of hemolymph smears was determined over a period of three months in five (5) selected sites in Zaria, Kaduna state from only dogs infested with adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. Ticks collected during the study were identified and confirmed as Rhipicephalus sanguineus in the Entomology laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology of ABU Zaria. A total of 156 engorged female ticks were collected from 100 dogs in five different sites between September and November, 2009. In the course of tick collection, owners’ history of tick control efforts was also noted. The collected female ticks were incubated in a breeding chamber for 5 days post collection, after which hemolymph smears were made on clean glass slides. Hemolymph fluid was obtained by nibbling one leg of each tick and expressing the lymph onto a clean glass slide. A total of 112 hemolymph smears were made. The slides were fixed in 70% methyl alcohol and stained with Giemsa. Of the 112 smears made, seventeen (17) were positive for the presence of Babesia vermicles after examination under the light microscope, representing an overall tick prevalence of 15.2%. Site specific infection rates of the five different sites were 22.22%, 20%, 10%, 0% and 20%. Infection rates were significantly lower among samples collected from sites where tick control measures were being applied regularly.
Microbiology and Parasitology
Oral Presentation
Effects of Moringa oleifera methanolic leaf extract on the morbidity and mortality of chickens experimentally infected with Newcastle disease virus (Kudu 113) strain
Didacus Chukwuemeka Eze a, *, Emmanuel Chukwudi Okwor a, Okoye John Osita Aa, Onah Denis Nnabuike b and Shoyinka S. Vincent Olua
aDepartment of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology;bDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology & Entomology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
Enugu State, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author. +2348037292020.
E-mail address:
ABSTRACT
Newcastle disease (ND) is an important disease of poultry worldwide. Its economic impact is high because mortality may reach 100% in affected poultry farms.This study was aimed at evaluating the protective properties of crude methanolic extract of M. oleifera in chickens. Forty two days old chicks were randomly divided into four groups: I, II, III and IV. Groups I and II were given daily oral treatment of methanolic extract of M. oleifera at 200 mg/kgbody weightuntil day 56 of age. Groups II and III at 42 days of age were vaccinated with the La Sota strain of ND vaccine. Group I was not vaccinated while IV was left as untreated/unvaccinated control. All the groups were challenged with the velogenic strain of ND virus on day 56 of age. Feed intake and weight gain were evaluated.Following challenge, the birds were monitored for clinical signs, morbidity and mortality. Results of feed intake and weight gain were analysed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Survival was 0%, 32%, 88% 100% in groups IV, I, II and, III animals respectively.Therefore, M. oleifera can protect birds from ND and can be used prophylactically in against ND.
Keywords:Velogenic Newcastle disease; Chickens; Moringa oleifera; Morbidity, Mortality;
DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO MYCOPLASMA MYCODES SUBSPECIES MYCODES SMALL COLONY TYPE (MmmSC) FROM SHEEP AND GOATS IN IKARA, MAKARFI, AND SOBA,LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF KADUNA STATE, NGERIA
*Suleiman1, A., Samaila1, D.H. and Kaltungo2, B.Y.
1Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
2Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
*Corresponding Author;
ABSTRACT
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a disease of cattle caused by the small-colony type of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides(MmmSC).It is a major threat to cattle production and the most economically significant disease of cattle in Africa. Although MmmSC is repeatedly isolated from small ruminants which are often reared together with cattle, the epidemiological significance of these hosts in the transmission of CBPP has not been given much attention in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study of 240 randomly selected sheep and goats was carried out todetect antibodies to MmmSC and identify risk factors for CBPP seropositivity in Ikara, Makarfi, and Soba Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Kaduna state. Based on competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (cELISA), antibodies to MmmSC was detected in sheep and goats from all the LGAs sampled. LGA specific prevalence of MmmSC antibodies was found to be highest in Soba (26.3%) and lowest in Ikara (8.8%). The relative risk of having a seropositive animal was observed to be twice more likely from sheep than goats. This work reports for the first time the presence of detectable antibodies to MmmSC in small ruminants of North-western Nigeria.
Antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative aerobic bacteria isolates from the faeces of diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs in Abeokuta, Nigeria
Olufemi Ernest Ojo1*, Abiola Oluwaseun Bello1, Oluwadaisi Oluwaseyi Ogunjobi1 and Rasheed Adetola Ajadi2
1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
2Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria
*Correspondence: Dr. Olufemi Ernest Ojo
Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta
Ogun State, Nigeria
E-mail: ,
Telephone number: +234 703 0425 778; +234 803 5803 716
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistant bacterial strains are responsible for refractory infections leading for prolonged morbidity and increased mortality. In this study, antimicrobial resistance was investigated in Gram-negative aerobic bacteria isolated from the faeces of diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic dogs using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Thirty-three isolates belonging to five bacteria genera including Escherichia coli (12), Citrobacter spp (3), Proteus spp (3), Klebsiella spp (9) and Morganella (6) were recovered from diarrhoeic dogs. Ninety-four isolates belonging to 12 genera comprising of Escherichia coli (44), Citrobacter spp (5), Proteus spp (9), Klebsiella spp (14) and Morganella (1), Bukholderia spp (3), Actinobacillus spp (2), Aeromonas spp (2), Yersinia spp (2), Enterobacter spp (5), Haffinia spp (1) and Serratia spp (6) were obtained from non-diarrhoeic dogs. Isolates from diarrhoeic dogs were resistant to ampicillin (84.8%), amoxicillin (63.6%), chloramphenicol (51.5%), ciprofloxacin (18.2%), gentamycin (45.5%), kanamycin (57.6%), nalidixic acid (45.5%), neomycin (42.4%), norfloxacin (24.2%), pepfloxacin (27.3%), sulphamethoxazole (72.7%), streptomycin (72.7%) and tetracycline (94.0%). The rate of resistance in isolates from non-diarrhoeic dogs was ampicillin (84.0%), amoxicillin (58.5%), chloramphenicol (51.1%), ciprofloxacin (18.1%), gentamycin (40.4%), kanamycin (67.0%), nalidixic acid (38.3%), neomycin (44.7%), norfloxacin (22.3%), pepfloxacin (27.7%), sulphamethoxazole (55.3%), streptomycin (81.4%) and tetracycline (91.5%). All the isolates were resistant to three or more of the tested antimicrobials indicating high levels of multi-drug resistance. Some of the identified organisms have been implicated in clinical infections in dogs. Dogs may also serve as important reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant bacteria transmissible to humans through close contact that exist between humans and dogs.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, Gram-negative aerobic bacteria, diarrhooeic faeces, non-diarrhoeic faeces, dogs
PREVALENCE OF EGGS OF TRICHURIS VULPIS AND TAENIA SPECIES OF DOGS IN SOIL SAMPLES IN ZARIA
Yusuf, K.H*., Francis, R.G., Ajanusi, O.J., Owolabi, Y.H., Jatau, I.D., Isah, I. and Umaru-Sule,B
Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University – Zaria.
*Correspondence: Dr. Kuburat H Yusuf, Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University – Zaria.
E-mail:
Mobile phone number: 08072608500
Abstract:
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of eggs of Trichuris vulpis and Taenia species of dogs in soil sample, in Zaria. Two hundred (200) soil samples from ten different areas within Zaria were examined between the months of June and October 2010. Out of these samples, 26(13%) and 27(13.5%) were positive for Trichuris vulpis and Taenia eggs respectively. The results were obtained singly or in combination with other parasites. However, only one sample revealed the presence of both eggs. Some of the samples were positive for other parasites eggs while 35% of the samples tested negative for any parasite egg. The mean values obtained were 2.6 and 2.7 for both Trichuris and Taenia eggs respectively. Measures on how to minimize contact by animals with contaminated soil within their vicinity should be prioritized as this study shows that contaminated soil may be a good source of helminthic infection to animals.
Keywords: Prevalence, Trichuris vulpis, Taenia species soil, dog.
Zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in HIV-infected persons in Ibadan, Nigeria
A. B. Ayinmode 1, H. Zhang 2, H. O. Dada-Adegbola 3 and L. Xiao 2
1 Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
2 Division ofFoodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. USA
3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University College Hospital, PMB 5116, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Corresponding Author:
Ayinmode, A.B.
Email:
234 805 211 5020
Abstract
Enterocytozoon are common opportunistic pathogens in HIV+ patients in developing countries, especially those who do not have access to antiretroviral therapy. To determine the genotype/subtype of Enterocytozoon, faecal specimens were collected from 131 HIV+ individuals attending a tertiary hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria. Using nested polymerase chain reaction, ten individuals were identified as positive for Enterocytozoon bieneusi . DNA sequencing of the E. bieneusi ITS products showed the occurrence of genotypes associated with both humans (Peru 8 in one patient), Nig2 in two patients, and a new genotype in one patient) and animals (D in one patient and Type IV in five patients). Low CD4+ cell count, not receiving antiretroviral therapy and animal contact were risk factors for microsporidiosis in HIV-patients.