Unit: Biochemistry

Lesson: Basic Chemistry and Bonding

Objectives:

  • Describe the basic components of chemistry

Why We Study Chemistry

•Your body and what it needs to survive is made of thousands of chemicals.

•Chemical reactions underlie all body processes.

Concepts of Matter

•Anything that occupies ______and has a mass (weight)

•Chemistry studies the nature of matter

Matter

•The 3 states of matter we discuss are:

–______

Composition of Matter: Atoms

•Atoms are the basic unit of ______

•From the Greek “atomos” which means can not be cut.

•If you continually cut a substance in half the atom is the smallest particle that still “is” the substance.

AtomsVery Small

•Contain smaller subatomic particles:

–

–

–

Atomic Structure: Where are the particles?

•Nucleus:

–Protons (p+) – ______

–Neutrons (n0) – ______

•Electron Shells (Orbitals or shells)

–Electrons (e-) – ______

•Valence Electrons- electrons in the outermost shell

Elements

•Simplest form of Matter is the element

–Examples: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, Sodium

•Are represented with one or two letter symbols

–Examples: C, O, H, Na

•All atoms of the same element have the same number of ______.

Identifying Elements

•All protons are alike, so what separates atoms of different elements from one another?Atoms of different elements are composed of different numbers of protons (neutrons and electrons).

•The # of protons in an atom’s nucleus is the atom’s ______.

Isotopes

•Have the same ______of protons (and ______) but different # of ______

•Example: Carbon always has six protons, but sometimes it can have 12 or 14 n.

•Because Isotope atoms have the same number of protons, and also electrons, isotopes behave the same ______

•Name a use for isotopes

Atomic Mass

•Is the sum of the number of ______and ______in the nucleus.

•The mass of an electron is ignored because it’s 1/1000th the size of a proton.

Energy Levels

  • What are they?...
  • How many electrons are allowed maximum in
  • The first level
  • The 2nd
  • The 3rd
  • The outer
  • What is the outer energy level called?

Polar Molecules

  • Polar molecules result when the resulting molecule created from the bonding of 2 or more elements results in ______on opposite ends of the molecule.
  • ______is an example of a polar molecule.

Hydrogen Bonding

-Is made possible because hydrogen, when bonded to certain elements has a ______charge nearly as great as a ______.

-This results in a ______, which is the bond formed between the ______hydrogen atom on one ______and the ______pole of another.

Element / Atomic Symbol / Total # of Electrons / # of Valence Electrons / # of Electrons Gained or Lost
Chlorine
Potassium
Magnesium
Fluorine
Sodium
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon
  • An atom that gains one or more electrons will have a ______ charge.
  • An atom that loses one or more electrons will have a ______ charge.
  • An atom that gains or loses one or more electrons is called an______.
  • A positive ion is called a ______ and a negative ion is called an______.

Ionic Bonds

  • Atoms will transfer one or more ______ to another to form the bond.
  • Each atom is left with a ______ outer shell.
  • An ionic bond forms between a ______ ion with a positive charge and a ______ ion with a negative charge.

Example B1: Sodium + ChlorineExample B2: Magnesium + Iodine

Example B3: Potassium + IodineExample B4: Sodium + Oxygen

Example B5: Calcium + ChlorineExample B6: Aluminum + Chlorine

Covalent Bonds

  • Atoms ______one or more electrons with each other to form the bond.
  • Each atom is left with a ______outer shell.
  • A covalent bond forms between two ______.

Example C1: Hydrogen + HydrogenExample C2: 2 Hydrogen + Oxygen

Example C3: Chlorine + ChlorineExample C4: Oxygen + Oxygen

Example C5: Carbon + 2 OxygenExample C6: Carbon + 4 Hydrogens

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