WHAP Unit 2 Chapter 6 Reading GuideName:
IDS= 18 x 2 Points Each = 36Date:
Key Concepts =20 x 5 Points = 100Hour:
Total for Reading Guide = 136/136
Read Ch.6 and Identify the following:
Nubian civilization, major city, 300
BCE-100 CE
Axum:
Christian kingdom in modern day Ethiopia, 100-600 CE
Piye: Ruler of Kush who conquered Egypt, reuniting it under his rule
Jenne-jeno:
stateless society, city, economically specialized settlement
Stateless Society:
no evidence of state structure, cities but no city-states
Maya:
followed Olmec in Mesoamerica, ceremonial centers, 250-900 CE / PopulVuh:
Maya creation story
“State shamans”:
Divine rulers able to mediate between humankind and the supernatural
Tikal:
Densely populated ceremonial center in Maya civilization
Teotihuacan:
greatestPre-Columbian city, flourished 300-600 CE, planned, city of the gods
Chavin:
Pan-Andean Religious movement, cult, temple complex
Moche:
Civilization on Peru’s north coast, governed by warrior-priests, flourished 100-800 CE / Wari and Tiwanaku:
Empires in Andean interior, flourished 400-1000 CE
Bantu:
Migrated from southeastern Nigeria, spread language, began 3000 BCE, agriculture and iron work
Batwa:
(Pygmy) forest specialists of Central Africa, interacted with Bantu
Ancestral Pueblo:
SW North America, maize, pit houses and great houses
Mound Builders:
Societies marked by large earthen mounds
Cahokia:
Mississippi River Valley, Near present-day St. Louis, 900-1250
Key Concept 2.1 / The Development & Codification of Religious & Cultural Traditions
III. Belief systems affected social roles and structure. / How or in what way did belief systems affect social roles or social structure?
Meroe: sometimes ruled by women as sacred monarch
Moche: warrior-priests at top of society
State shamans
Some only let men in temples
IV. Other religious and cultural traditions continued parallel to the codified, written belief systems in core civilizations.
A. Shamanism and Animism / Bantu placed emphasis on ancestral and nature spirits—diviners could access world of the supernatural
B. Ancestor veneration / Bantu sacrifices especially of cattle to access power of dead ancestors, Luba art of ancestors
Present in the Andean areas
V. Artistic expressions show distinctive cultural developments
A. Literature and drama / Maya: elaborate writing system, PopulVuh
Concept of zero
B. Architectural styles / Maya---Temples, pyramids, palaces, public plazas
Pueblos---pit houses and great houses,
Mound Builders (N.Am.)Mounds
Monumental architecture in Wari and Tiwanaku
Axum obelisks
C. Sculpture / Axum obelisks
Terracotta Statues in Jenne-jeno
Teotihuacan murals
Meroe: statues of queens
Luba statues represent female ancestors
Key Concept 2.2 / Development of States and Empires
I. Key states and empires / What are they and where are they located?
Meroe, Axum in Africa
Maya in Mesoamerica
Chavin and Moche (coastal) in Andes, Wari and Tiwanaku in interior Andes
(*Also stateless societies along Niger River are not states or empires)
II. New techniques of imperial administration
A. Rulers created administrative institutions in many regions / In what ways did they set up their administrations? How were they organized?
Meroe=ruled by all-powerful sacred monarch
Axum=loose control, mostly tribute, trade, Christianity, expansion
Maya=not unified empire, frequent warfare, State shamans
Moche=warrior-priests, elaborate rituals/religion and government tied
Wari cities had common plan and highways suggest tighter political control
B. Imperial governments projected military power over larger areas using a variety of techniques / Examples of techniques:
Mayans had frequent warfare with capture and sacrifice of prisoners
Moche had warrior-priests
War elephants
C. Much of the success of the empires rested on their promotion of trade and economic integration of building and maintaining roads and issuing currencies / Examples of this:
Meroe=major long distance trade was source of wealth and military power, camel caravans
Axum=Red Sea and Indian Ocean trade, commerce taxes were great source of revenue, standardized coin
Maya=swamp drainage, terracing, water management system
Wari and Tiwanaku=linked by caravan trade, highways linked cities
Jenne-jeno=promoted trade
III. Unique social and economic dimensions developed in imperial societies in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas
A. Cities / Pueblo=Chako
Teotihuacan
Tikal
Jenne-jeno
Axum: monumental building
Meroe
Alexandria
B. Social Structures / Maya: had elite and artisan classes
Moche: warrior-priests at the top of society
Cahokia: stratified class system
Natchez: clear social elite, upper-class people were required to marry commoners
In Mesoamerica: luxury goods showed status (jade, turtle shells, obsidian)
State shamans
C. Imperial societies relied on a range of methods to maintain the production of food and provide rewards for the loyalty of elites. / Meroe: paid tribute to rulers
Axum: plow-based agriculture
Maya: large-scale human interaction, drainage system, water management, terracing
D. Patriarchy / Some things opposite to patriarchy:
Bantu communities less patriarchal than urban civilizations
Meroe had female leaders
Gender parallelism
Key Concept 2.3 / Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange
I. Land and water routes became the basis for these networks
A. Trade Routes / Names and locations:
Nubian trade with Egypt
Meroe: trade with Mediterranean, and east to west with camel caravan,
Axum: Red Sea and Indian Ocean trade
Caravan trade linked interior Andes and coastal areas
Pueblo: local trading networks, some long-distance exchange
Mound Builders: extensive trade to north and south
p.266
II. New technologies facilitated long-distance communication and exchange
A. New technologies for domesticated pack animals / Camel caravan
Llamas in Andes
B. Innovations in maritime technologies and knowledge / Traded on rivers, seas and Indian Ocean
Canoe
III. More than just goods was exchanged on these networks
A. The spread of crops encouraged changes in farming and irrigation techniques. / Meroe: rainfall not irrigation!
Axum: plow-based farming
Maya: swamp drainage, terracing, water management system
Moche: complex irrigation system
Wari and Tiwanaku: terraced agriculture and raised field systems
B. Spread of disease and effects on empires / Bantu migration brought new diseases to people with little immunity
Africa’s tropical climate allows more disease-carrying insects and parasites
C. Religious and cultural traditions were transformed. / Christianity spread to Axum,
Chavin cult spread on trade routes in Andes
Fall:
Meroe---deforestation, conquest by Axum, later Islam
Maya---drought
Moche---ecological disruption in sixth century