Integrated Management Project of Polluted Farmland in Hunan Province with World Bank Loan
Pests Management Plan
Foreign Economic and Technical Cooperation Center of Hunan Agricultural Committee
April 2016
Contents
1. Preface
1.1 Introduction to the Project
1.2 Introduction to Natural Condition of the Project Regions
1.2.1 Geographical Position of the Project Regions in Hunan Province
1.2.2 Hydrometeor Situation of the Project Regions
1.3 Social and Economic Situation of the Project Regions
1.4 Planting Structure of Main Crops in the Project Regions
1.4.1 Geographical Layout of Main Planting Crops in the Project Regions
1.4.2 Cultivation Measures of Main Planting Crops in the Project Regions
1.5 Concept on Integrated Pests Management
1.6 Purpose on Implementing Pests Management in the Project Regions
2. Current Status of Pests Management in the Project Regions
2.1 Current Status of the Occurrence of Main Pests in the Project Regions
2.1.1 Main Pests Varieties
2.1.2 Endangering Area by Main Pests and the Loss Rate Incurred
2.2 Pests Prevention and Control Measures Adopted in the Project Regions Currently
2.2.1 Pests Prevention and Control Measures of Main Pests in the Project Regions
2.2.2 Application Situation of Chemical Pesticides in the Project Regions Currently
2.3 Interview of Farmers
2.4 Evaluation of Current Situation of the Pests Management in the Project Regions
3. Foreseeable Occurrence Trend of Agricultural Pests After Implementing the Project
3.1 Variation Trend of the Pests of Rice, Corn and Potato
3.2 Variation Trend of the Pests of Orchard (Citrus and Grape)
3.3 Variation Trend of the Pests of Vegetable
3.4 Variation Trend of the Pests of Cotton and Rape
3.5 Variation Trend of the Pests of Tea
4. Policy, Supervisory Framework and Institutional Responsibility
4.1 Policies on Plant Protection and Integrated Pests Governance in China and Hunan Province
4.2 Supervisory Framework and Institutional Responsibility
4.2.1 Supervision and Management Institutions of Pesticides
4.2.2 Management Institutions of Pests Prevention and Control
4.2.3 Pesticide Residues Test Organizations
4.3 Description on the Evaluation of Pests Management Ability
4.3.1 Main Problems Existing in Pests Management
4.3.2 Measures Should Be Adopted in Pests Management in the Project Regions
4.3.3 Pests Prevention and Control System Construction in the Project Regions
4.4 Pesticide Management, Distribution System and Pesticide Application
4.4.1 Pesticide Management
4.4.2 Distribution System of Pesticide
4.4.3 Reasonable Application Measures of Pesticides
5. Overall Targets and Tasks of Pests Governance Plan in the Project Regions
5.1 Overall Targets
5.2 Basic Principles and Key Tasks of Pests Governance Plan in the Project Regions
5.2.1 Basic Principles
5.2.2 Key Tasks
6. Recommended Methods of Pests Management Plan in the Project Regions
6.1 Purpose of Recommended Methods
6.2 Main Methods Recommended by Pests Management Plan
6.2.1 Agricultural Prevention and Control Methods
6.2.2 Physical Prevention and Control Methods
6.2.3 Biological Prevention and Control Methods
6.2.4 Chemical Prevention and Control Methods
6.3 Integrated Management Policies for Main Crop Pests in the Project Regions
6.3.1 Integrated Management Policies for Rice Pests
6.3.2 Integrated Management Policies for Corn Pests
6.3.3 Integrated Management Policies for Potato Pests
6.3.4 Integrated Management Policies for Citrus Pests
6.3.5 Integrated Management Policies for Grape Pests
6.3.6 Integrated Management Policies for Vegetable Pests
6.3.7 Integrated Management Policies for Cotton Pests
6.3.8 Integrated Management Policies for Rape Pests
6.3.9 Integrated Management Policies for Tea Pests
7. Pesticide Application and Management in the Project Regions
7.1 Pesticide Species and Application Devices Recommended by the Project Regions
7.1.1 Recommended Pesticide Species
7.1.2 Prohibited and Restrained Pesticide Species in China
7.2 Technical Requirements on Pesticide Application Devices Used in the Project Regions
7.3 The Ability of Using and Handling Chemicals of Users
7.4 Environmental and Occupational/Healthy Risk
7.4.1 Environmental Risk
7.4.2 Occupational/Healthy Risk
8. Strengthening of Pests Management Ability in the Project Regions
8.1 Policies
8.1.1 Goal of Formulating Policies and Issuing of Government Files
8.1.2 Strictly Obey Following Regulations
8.2 Management Goals
8.2.1 Improve the Awareness of Implementing Policies
8.2.2 Strengthen the Construction of Grass-roots Plant Protection Ability
8.3 Management Ability, Institution Arrangement and Cooperation
8.4 Training and Human Resource Development
8.5 Training on Farmers and Service Organizations
8.5.1 Training Forms
8.5.2 Training Contents
8.6 Training Plan
9. Project Monitoring and Report
9.1 Monitoring Contents of the Project
9.2 Supervision and Management Contents of the Project
9.3 Monitoring and Supervision Plan
9.3.1 Monitoring Plan of Pests Management
9.3.1.1 Implementation of Monitoring Plan
9.3.2 Supervision Plan
9.3.3 Responsibilities
9.4 Project Report
10. Fund Budget
Appendix 1 List of Recommended Pollution-free Pesticides and Additives
Appendix 2 Questionnaire on Application Status of Pesticide
1. Preface
1.1 Introduction to the Project
Hunan Province is located in the middle part of China and midstream of Yangtze River with the land area of 211,800km2, accounting for 2.2% of the national land area. The total population of the whole province was 67.372 million in 2014. It administers 14 prefecture-level cities and 122 counties (cities and districts). Hunan is famous for nonferrous metals, and there has been over a century history of exploring nonferrous metals so that the heavy metal pollution here is very serious and the background level of soil heavy metal is also very high. Based on the positioning monitoring results on the agricultural environment of Hunan Province for many years, the heavy metals polluting the cultivated lands mainly include cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic and chromium currently, and cadmium pollution is the most serious one. The average value of cadmium content in Dongting Lake Region is 0.194mg/kg, which is twice as much as the national average level; especially the cadmium content in purple sand shale soil is the highest that it is 0.403mg/kg generally and the maximum content is 4.113mg/kg; however, purple sand shale soils account for about 34% of cultivated lands in Hunan Province, resulting in generally high background level of cadmium content in soils. Meanwhile, Hunan Province is also a major agricultural province in China that the sown area and capacity of rice are around 65 million mu and 53 billion jin stably, ranking the front in China. “Cadmium rice accident” seriously impacts the rice industry of Hunan Province and even the whole southern area; at the same time, it alarms on the current agricultural production safety and ecological environmental protection, raising the general attention from the society and high attention from the government. In addition, abuse of agricultural inputs, exogenous pollution, breeding industry pollution and other factors also gradually cause the cultivated land pollution. Based on the survey of cultivated land quality survey of Hunan Province, until the end of 2012, the general situation of cultivated land with heavy metals pollution in Hunan Province has been developed from slight pollution to heavy and compound pollution, from partial pollution to regional pollution. According to the initial estimation of safety survey of suburbs, industrial and mining areas and original places of sewage irrigation areas and related data, the cultivated lands polluted by heavy metals accounted for 25% of the total cultivated lands in Hunan Province.
Based on the above backgrounds, Hunan Province and World Bank plans to implement integrated management project of polluted farmland in Hunan Province in 15 counties and cities, including Baojing, Huayuan, Yongshun, Yongding, Cili, Zhongfang, Jishou, Anhua, Pingjiang, Hengyang, Hengnan, Hanshou, Yizhang, Yongxing and Lengshuitan District to provide integrated management model of agricultural safety production based on the risk management for cultivated lands polluted by heavy metals and other pollutants in Hunan Province. The main purposes of the project include: issue local rules and regulations and technical guidance standard for farmland and soil protection; formulate risk map and then make action plan based on the risk map; improve the quality of agricultural products and reduce the pollution level of soil (use phytoremediation technique, etc.) through soil and crop management (vip etc.); produce safe agricultural products by soil and crop management or implement new farmland usage plan to prevent heavy metal pollution from entering into food chain; crops in the demonstration areas reach the food quality standard. In order to achieve above goals and ensure agricultural production safety, agricultural product quality safety and ecological environmental safety, scientific crops pest prevention plan should be formulated. We do the survey and interview in various project regions to ensure the smooth implementation of the project and formulate “Pests Prevention and Control Management Plan” based on the requirements of Pests Management Environment Evaluation of World Bank after collecting large number of data and materials.
Based on the plant protection policy of “prevention first and integrated control”, the plan implements and exercises the concept of “public plant protection” and “green plant protection” and summarizes and puts forward the prevention and control methods of normal pests of main crops related to the project, including rice, corn, potato, citrus, grape, vegetable, cotton, rape and tea. Under the premise of protecting ecological environment, the prevention and control plan emphasizes the role of natural control, popularizes the application of agricultural, physical and chemical prevention and control methods to control pests, applies appropriate chemical control techniques and measures in a coordinated way and reduce the dependence on agricultural chemicals to control the pests under the permitted level of economic injury and gain the best economic, social and ecological benefits.
1.2 Introduction to Natural Condition of the Project Regions
1.2.1 Geographical Position of the Project Regions in Hunan Province
Hunan Province is located in the middle part of China and midstream of Yangtze River from 108°47′E～114°15′E, and it is 667km from the east to the west and 774km from the south to the north. The whole province is surrounded by mountains in east, west and north, and it is inclined to the middle and north east part, forming unsymmetrical U-shaped topography open to the northeast. The whole province can be divided into six topographic regions: mountain plateau and mountainous region in northwest Hunan, mountainous region in west Hunan, hills and mountains region in south Hunan, massifs region in east Hunan, hilly region in middle Hunan and plain region in north Hunan. The mountainous area (including mountain plateau) accounts for 51.22% of the whole area of Hunan Province; the hill area accounts for 15.40%; the downland area accounts for 13.87%; the plain area accounts for 13.11% and the water area accounts for 6.39%. The main topographic features of Hunan Province are mountains and hills, accounting for 66.62% of the whole area. Hunan is the continental subtropical monsoon humid climate and the annual sunshine duration is 1300-1800 hours so that the heat resource is bountiful. The annual temperature of Hunan Province is high that the annual average temperature is 15-18℃. The frost-free period of Hunan Province is 260-310 days and the majority areas are between 280 days and 300 days. Moreover, the annual average precipitation is between 1200mm and 1700mm so that the rainfall is rich. Excellent water, heat, light and other natural conditions not only bring many beneficial factors for the agricultural development of Hunan Province, but result in many difficulties in the prevention and control of various pests.
For the project regions, there are 8 counties in the mountainous regions in west Hunan, namely Baojing, Huayuan, Yongshun, Yongding, Cili, Zhongfang, Jishou and Anhua; there are 5 counties in the hills and mountains regions in south Hunan, namely Hengyang, Hengnan, Yizhang, Yongxing and Lengshuitan District; and there are 2 counties in plain regions in north Hunan, namely Pingjiang and Hanshou. The specific distribution can be seen in Figure 1.
Table 1-2-1 Distribution of the Project Regions in Hunan Province
No. / City / County (City/District) / No. / City / County (City/District)1 / Hengyang City / Hengyang County / 9 / Zhangjiajie City / Yongding District
2 / Hengnan County / 10 / Cili County
3 / Changde City / Hanshou County / 11 / Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture / Baojing County
4 / Chenzhou City / Yizhang County / 12 / Huayuan County
5 / Yongxing County / 13 / Yongshun County
6 / Yiyang City / Anhua County / 14 / Jishou City
7 / Huaihua City / Zhongfang County / 15 / Yueyang City / Pingjiang County
8 / Yongzhou City / Lengshuitan District
Figure 1-1 Geographical Position of the Project Regions in Hunan Province
1.2.2 Hydrometeor Situation of the Project Regions
Table 1-2-2 Hydrometeor Situation of the Project Regions
Name of project areas / Altitude(m) / Average temperature
(℃) / Average rainfall
（mm） / Effective accumulated temperature
（≥10℃） / Frost-free period
（day） / Average evaporation
（mm）
Baojing / 472 / 16.1 / 1620 / 5028 / 288 / 794.7
Huayuan / 341 / 16.3 / 1350 / 5003.5 / 337 / 1053.6
Yongshun / 800.3 / 16.7℃ / 1344.6 / 4800 / 286 / 480
Yongding / 252 / 16.8 / 1381.9 / 5291.6 / 269 / 1092.4
Cili / 850 / 16.8 / 1390 / 1668 / 267.6 / 1177.9
Zhongfang / 220 / 16.9 / 1370.9 / 5214.9 / 290 / 1285.4
Jishou / 400 / 16.4 / 1440.5 / 5253 / 285.8 / 1105.4
Anhua / 182 / 16.5 / 1687.7 / 3020 / 276 / 1127.7
Pingjiang / 67 / 16．9 / 1108.8 / 5331 / 263 / 838.6
Hengyang / 65 / 18.7 / 1300 / 5500 / 300 / 1408.3
Hengnan / 158 / 17.9 / 1268.8 / 5568 / 286 / 1412
Hanshou / 31.9 / 17.0 / 1415.9 / 5286.4 / 274 / 717.4
Yizhang / 222.8 / 18.3 / 1426.9 / 5730 / 286 / 1447.1
Yongxing / 739.5 / 18.5 / 1238.6 / 6053.7 / 307 / 1439.9
Lengshuitan District / 120.5 / 18.3 / 1307 / 5693 / 352.6 / 1407
1.3 Social and Economic Situation of the Project Regions
The project regions administer 15 counties, districts and counties in 9 cities, which are allocated from the east to the west of Hunan Province with the total area of 36,428.7km2 and total population of 10.1111 million. Among it, the agricultural population was 6.8767 million, accounting for 68.01% of the total population in the project regions. The area of cultivated land was 8.3324 million mu with the total grain output of 4.3655 million tons in 2014. The annual total output value was 232.712 billion Yuan, and the output values of the first industry, secondary industry and tertiary industry were 42.830 billion Yuan, 97.476 billion Yuan and 92.406 billion Yuan respectively, and the annual per capita net income of farmers was 12,885 Yuan (Table1-3-1).
Table 1-3-1 Social and Economic Situation of the Project Regions (In2014)
Name of project areas / Total area(km2) / Area of cultivated land
(10000 mu) / Total population
(10000 people) / Agricultural population
(10000 people) / Per capita area of cultivated land
(mu) / Total grain output
(10000 tons) / Total output value (100 million Yuan) / Annual per capita income
(Yuan)
The first industry / The secondary industry / The tertiary industry
Baojing / 1754.6 / 30.74 / 31.26 / 26.98 / 0.98 / 8.76 / 7.48 / 1.42 / 1.81 / 6168
Huayuan / 1109.35 / 36.9 / 30.9 / 22.79 / 0.86 / 9.09 / 36.15 / 17.99 / 6.17 / 20572
Yongshun / 3810 / 58.8 / 53.82 / 46.9 / 1.25 / 21.26 / 15.69 / 14.94 / 26.77 / 4906
Yongding / 2169.04 / 32.25 / 47.60 / 33.55 / 0.96 / 14.66 / 15.68 / 37.29 / 115.48 / 6640
Cili / 3480 / 57.12 / 70.9 / 59.65 / 0.81 / 32.02 / 23.55 / 49.08 / 76.65 / 13407
Zhongfang / 1419 / 33.2 / 28.4 / 26.04 / 1.17 / 11.396 / 11.29 / 51.2868 / 23.5372 / 7580
Jishou / 1062 / 16.510 / 30.76 / 7.29 / 2.26 / 4.91 / 4.1414 / 24.2554 / 42.9348 / 25822
Anhua / 4950 / 64 / 108 / 89 / 0.72 / 24.3183 / 37.6246 / 64.7587 / 60.4571 / 17840
Pingjiang / 4125 / 71.94 / 106 / 63.59 / 1.13 / 41.55 / 38.61 / 92.44 / 68.39 / 11932
Hengyang / 2558.61 / 104.51 / 123.48 / 87.25 / 0.85 / 62.57 / 62.08 / 104.9 / 96.30 / 12306
Hengnan / 2626 / 98.63 / 111.7 / 61.45 / 0.88 / 58.02 / 59.93 / 123.27 / 69.23 / 13265
Hanshou / 2021 / 96.09 / 82.13 / 67.45 / 1.17 / 64.24 / 45.42 / 70.08 / 102.94 / 14843
Yizhang / 2142.70 / 42.255 / 62.4766 / 47.8529 / 0.676 / 23.6077 / 17.565 / 75.318 / 71.083 / 9729
Yongxing / 1979.4 / 42.057 / 68.83 / 29.56 / 0.611 / 23.5616 / 23.72 / 168.15 / 74.95 / 17243.26
Lengshuitan District / 1222 / 48.24 / 54.85 / 18.32 / 0.89 / 36.59 / 29.37 / 79.58 / 87.36 / 19750
Total / 36428.7 / 833.24 / 1011.11 / 687.67 / 15.22 / 436.55 / 428.30 / 974.76 / 924.06 / 12885
1.4 Planting Structure of Main Crops in the Project Regions
1.4.1 Geographical Layout of Main Planting Crops in the Project Regions
The agricultural crops planting in the project regions can be divided into three types: the first type is the crops which mainly meet people’s basic needs of life and feed of livestock, including rice, corn, potato and sweet potato. The second type is the fruit trees and various cash crops with local advantages and specialties (Table 1-4-1). The developments of related industries in various places are different due to the different natural conditions and ecological environments. For example, the grain crops are mainly rice in Pingjiang, Hanshou, Hengyang and Hengnan and rice and corn in Cili, Yongding, Yongshun and Anhua; in addition, the areas of citrus are pretty huge in Baojing, Huayuan, Yongxing and Yizhang. Moreover, the cropping patterns are also various in different places that Hengyang, Chenzhou and Yongzhou are double cropping rice regions with the main cropping pattern of “rice-rice”; while Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture and Zhangjiajie in the west Hunan are single-season rice regions with the main cropping pattern of “rice-rape” and “rice-manure / rice-leisure” as supplement.
Figure on Planting Area of Main Crops in the Project Regions (Unit: 10000mu)
Table 1-4-1 Main Crops and Geographical Layouts in the Project Regions in 2014 (Unit: 10000 mu)
Name of the project areas / Grain crops / Cash crops / Green manureRice / Corn / Potato type / Citrus / Other fruits / Rape / Tea / Vegetable / Cotton / Milk vetch and melilotus albus
Baojing / 12.36 / 8.7 / 7.2 / 16.57 / 3.51 / 4.76 / / / / / / / 3.2
Huayuan / 14.52 / 10.65 / / / 20.50 / / / 3.00 / / / / / / / /
Yongshun / 30.20 / 15.10 / 18.00 / 15.80 / 8.30 / 14.36 / 2.40 / / / / / 5.00
Yongding / 23.22 / 11.67 / 4.16 / 7.27 / 0..87 / 10.47 / / / 18.15 / / / /
Cili / 36.20 / 33.00 / 5.00 / 25.00 / / / 30.00 / 2.50 / 12.40 / 1.10 / 0.50
Zhongfang / 19.50 / 7.50 / / / 3.15 / 4.80 / 13.20 / / / 5.00 / 0.35 / 6.90
Jishou / 8 / 6 / 4.5 / 13.5 / 2.5 / 8 / 4 / 15 / / / 7.3
Anhua / 45.00 / 23.50 / / / 6.26 / 12.45 / 32.50 / 25.00 / 25.00 / / / 5.25
Pingjiang / 107.66 / / / / / 11.5 / / / 42.6 / / / / / / / 3.5
Hengyang / 146.58 / 5.55 / 4.65 / 4.69 / 1.68 / / / / / / / 11.49 / 0.67
Hengnan / 146.10 / / / / / 7.50 / 3.20 / / / 0.83 / 15.24 / 6.31 / 13.50
Hanshou / 82 / / / / / 4 / / / 60 / / / 39.5 / 9.5 / /
Yizhang / 45.64 / 16.09 / 7.65 / 21.36 / 5.90 / 9.03 / 2.60 / / / / / /
Yongxing / 62.70 / / / 5.40 / 14.30 / 0.22 / 19.35 / 1.32 / 17.64 / / / 13.22
Lengshuitan District / 70.76 / 6.39 / / / 11.00 / 11.95 / / / / / 26.20 / / / 3.36
Total / 850.44 / 144.15 / 55.56 / 182.4 / 54.51 / 247.27 / 38.65 / 174.13 / 28.75 / 62.4
1.4.2 Cultivation Measures of Main Planting Crops in the Project Regions
Direct seeding or seedling transplanting is adopted for rice. Firstly, cultivate strong seedling with tiller through seedling bed finishing, seed handling, precision sowing, strengthening seedling management and other measures. Secondly, exercise standardized transplanting and adopt fixed cable transplanting with the row spacing of 4×6 inch, and 25,000 seeds can be planted in each mu. The third one is scientific rich water management that 1000kg excellent farmyard manures, 30kg calcium superphosphate, 10kg carbamide and 10kg potassium sulfate are fertilized in each mu as base manures. After being transplanted for 5-7 days, fertilize 10kg carbamide (with herbicide is permitted) as additional manure in each mu; after the transplantation, deep water seed protection should be done appropriately and shallow water management and natural drying should be exercised in the tillering stage; when tillering plants reach expected number of productive ear, water withdrawing and field drying to cracking should be done.
Plastic mulching cultivation should be adopted for corns. 1. Exercise precise soil preparation. The soil should be intensively cultivated to be soft, fine and smooth with good permeability to improve the moisture and fertility preservation performance. The soil moisture conservation should be done timely after the soil preparation. 2. Exercise early sowing at appropriate time to improve sowing quality. 3. Exercise reasonable close planting and establish good group structure. 4. Strengthen field management to ensure the production and income increase.
Cultivation measures of potatoes. I. Seed treatment. Vernalization and seed solarization treatment should be done before sowing. 1. Store dispersedly. Spread out potato seeds in dry and ventilated places evenly. 2. Cut terminal bud. 3. Strip and disinfect and vernalization in the sand bed. II. Field production. 1. Soil selection. Select convenient irrigation and drainage and fertile soils. 2. Ditching and furrowing and fertilize enough base fertilizers. 3. Sow breed. Put bud eyes upwards and earth backing covering. 4. Additional fertilizer in field. Exercise additional fertilizer for three times after that seedling emerges 60%-70%, the height of seedling is 10cm and ground cannot be seen. 5. Moisture management. Maintain the soil moist after planting which is beneficial for bud early emergence and soil should be kept wet afterwards. Waterlogging cannot be existed in the field 15 days in advance of the harvest to prevent that potatoes are split or putrid due to absorbing too much water.