Name______Date______
11.1
Section 11.1 - DNA: The Molecule of Heredity
1) What are the two objectives of this section according to the section preview? (p.281)
Analyze______
Determine______
______
2) Define the following terms:
Nitrogenous base______
Double helix______
What is DNA?
3) DNA controls an organism’s traits through the production of ______. (p.281)
4) Different parts of your body contain protein including your ______, ______,
and ______. (p.281)
DNA as the genetic material
5) Read the paragraph under the heading “DNA as the genetic material” which starts on p.281 and continues to p. 282. In your own words, summarize the findings of Hershey and Chase.
The structure of nucleotides
6) DNA is a very ______molecule. It is considered a ______made of repeating ______
called ______. (p.282)
7) What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? (p.282)
8) What are the 4 nitrogenous bases? (p.282)
9) The “backbone” of DNA is composed of ______and ______? (p.282)
The structure of DNA
10) Read the section titled “The structure of DNA” on page 283. In the space below, draw and label a DNA double helix, the model proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. Label nitrogenous bases, phosphates, deoxyribose sugars, A, C, G, T, hydrogen bonds, strand 1,
strand 2.
The importance of nucleotide sequences
11) Although all organisms contain ______made up of the same four ______, the
difference in ______of the nucleotides leads to the variation. (p.284)
12) “The closer the relationship is between two organisms, ______
______.” (p.284)
Replication of DNA
13) Define “DNA replication”. (p.284)
How DNA replicates
14) Read the first paragraph under “How DNA replicates”. Find the sentence that provides evidence that DNA must follow pairing rules when it replicates. Copy that sentence below. (p.285)
15) “Each new strand formed is a ______of the original, or ______strand. (p.285)
16) Using your answer from question 14, what would be the complementary sequence for the sequence GTTAAC?
11.2
Section 11.2 – From DNA to Protein
17) What are the two objectives of this section according to the section preview? (p.288)
Relate______
______
Sequence______
______
18) Define the following terms:
messenger RNA ______
ribosomal RNA ______
transfer RNA ______
transcription ______
translation ______
Genes and Proteins
19) DNA controls the production of ______. Some proteins are key
______like the filaments of muscle tissue. Other proteins are
______of cell function like enzymes. (p.288)
20) Name 3 ways RNA is different from DNA.
Transcription
21) Summary of transcription: ______strand à ______copy. (p.290)
22) Transcription takes place in the ______of the cell. (p.290)
RNA Processing – you can skip this!
The Genetic Code
23) The Genetic code converts the mRNA language into the language of proteins. The “alphabet” of DNA, and therefore mRNA, is made up of four types of ______, while the “alphabet” of proteins is made up of twenty ______. (p.291)
24) Define codon: (p.292)
How many codons are possible? ____
How many amino acids are coded for by these codons? _____
Is there redundancy (“exceeding what is required”) with the genetic code? YES NO
25) Practice using the CHART OF CODONS!!! (p.292)
What does UUU code for? ______
What does CAC code for? ______
What does GCA code for? ______
26) Read the paragraph in the second column on page 292. In your own words, describe what is meant by a universal genetic code. Also, what does the universal genetic code provide evidence of?
Translation: From mRNA to protein
27) When a language is translated, meaning is conveyed. When DNA is translated (with the help of RNA), the code is turned into something meaningful. What “language” is the code converted into? (p.293)
28) Draw a transfer RNA molecule (see page 293). Include the labels in your book.
29) What does tRNA transfer? (p.295)
30) How does each tRNA molecule “know” what codon to attach to? (p.295)
31) The translation process is complete when a ______is reached.(p.295)
32) Lastly, the protein must ______into its complex 3-D shape. (p.295)
EXTRA CREDIT
Watch the video at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5mS2ls.
1) During transcription, What is the “yellow chain snaking out of the top” of the turquoise blob at time 1:06?
2) Out in the cytoplasm, what is the turquoise and purple blob shown at about time 2:20?
3) What specific protein is made is this video?
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