CHARACTERS USED IN THE PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS
Most are from Modesto et al. 2007(M), Mueller and Reisz 2005 (MR), Mueller et al. 2006 (MU). New characters used for captorhinid phylogeny are indicated by *. Order of characters are not anatomical, but rather trying to preserve sequence from previous studies, with new characters listed towards the end.
1. Premaxilla: ventral margin aligned antero-posteriorly (0) or antero-ventrally (1) in lateral view. M1
2. Premaxilla: alary process absent (0) or present (1) on posterodorsal process. M2
3. Maxilla: relatively straight (0) or posterior end flexed laterally (1). M3
4. Maxilla: posteriormost tooth positioned at level of posterior margin of orbit (0) or positioned more anteriorly (1). M4
5. Lacrimal: suture with jugal small (0) or well developed (1). M5
6. Snout: broad, equal to or greater than 35 % of skull length (0) or narrow, equal to or less than 25 % of skull length (1). M6
7. Prefrontal: anterior process short and tall, approximately equal to the posterodorsal process in antero-posterior length (0) or long and narrow, approximately twice the antero-posterior length of the posterodorsal process (1). M7
8.7. Frontal: anterior process short, less than 40 % of the frontal sagittal length (0) or long, approximately 55 % of the frontal sagittal length (1). M8
9. Jugal: subtemporal process dorsoventrally low, equal to or less than 25% of skull height through orbital midpoint (0) or dorsoventrally deep, at least 40% of skull height through orbit (1). M9
10. Jugal/ectopterygoid: ectopterygoid present and alary process absent (0); ectopterygoid absent and alary process present, but no higher than the midpoint of the suborbital process of the jugal and distinct from the orbital margin (1); or ectopterygoid absent and alary process present and positioned dorsally on the medial surface of the jugal, flush with orbital margin (2). M10
11. Quadratojugal: antero-posteriorly elongate (0) or short, not extending anteriorly beyond midpoint of postorbital margin (1). M11
12. Quadratojugal: acuminate (0) or square-tipped (1) anteriorly. M12
13. Postorbital cheek: relatively straight (0), moderately expanded laterally (1), or greatly expanded laterally (2). Modified from M13
14. Supratemporal: contact with postparietal tenuous or absent (0) or well developed (1). MR12
15. Pineal foramen: positioned at (0) or anterior (1) or posterior (2) to midpoint of interparietal suture. M14
16. Postparietal: contacts mate fully along height (0) or dorsally only, postparietals separated slightly ventrally by supraoccipital (1). M15
17. Postparietal: transversely short with tabular present (0) or transversely elongate with tabular absent (1). M16
18. Skull table occipital margin: embayed bilaterally (0), straight (1), or with single median embayment (2). M17
19. Vomer-pterygoid contact: extensive, at least 50% median border of vomer (0) or short, no more than 33% median border of vomer (1). M19
20. Pterygoid: transverse flange broad-based and distinctly angular (0) or narrow and tongue-like (1) in ventral view. M20
21. Parasphenoid: deep ventral groove absent (0) or present (1) between cristae ventrolateralis. M21
22. Cultriform process: extends anteriorly (0), extends slightly dorsally at roughly 15 degrees to the basal plane (1), or extends anterodorsally at more than 45 degrees to the basal plane (2). M22
23. Supraoccipital: slopes anterodorsally (0), or vertically or rather posterodorsally (1). *
24. Supraoccipital: lateral ascending processes account for half or less (0) or two-thirds or
more (1) of the height of the bone. Modified from M23
25. Occipital condyle: at level of (0) or immediately anterior to (1) quadrate condyles. M24
26. Paroccipital process: broad (0) or narrow (1). Modified from M25
27. Sculpturing: skull surface smooth, with only small honeycombing pits or grooves (0) or with pits and grooves with notably larger, randomly positioned pits on posterior skull table (1). M26
28. Mandibular ramus: relatively straight (0) or sigmoidal (1) in ventral view. M27
29. Mandibular ramus: narrow, 8 % or less of total jaw length (0) or broad, no less than 14 % of total jaw length (1). M28
30. Mandibular ramus: posterior end rectilinear (0) or acuminate (1) in lateral view. M29
31. Mandibular ramus: lateral shelf absent (0) or present (1) below coronoid process. M30
32. Coronoid: anterior process short (0) or elongate (1). M31
33. Meckelian foramen: small, antero-posterior length roughly 9 % or less of total jaw length (0) or large, antero-posterior length greater than or equal to 14 % of total jaw length (1). M32
34. Coronoid posterodorsal process: slender, forms dorsalmost quarter of lateral wall of adductor fossa (0) or deep, forms dorsalmost third of lateral wall of adductor fossa (1). MR32
35. Retroarticular process: absent (0), present and broader transversely than long (1), or present and longer anteroposteriorly than broad (2). M33
36. Premaxillary dentition: first tooth relatively small relative to maxillary caniniform (0) or subequal to maxillary caniniform (1). In taxa lacking maxillary caniniforms, state 1 applies when the first premaxillary tooth is the largest marginal tooth present. M34
37. Maxillary dentition: tooth stations number 30 teeth or more (0), 18-26 (1), 14-17 (2), 13 or less (3); for multiple-rowed taxa, only those teeth with unobstructed profiles when viewed laterally are considered. Modified from M35
38. Maxillary caniniform teeth: present (0) or absent (1). M36
39. Number of tooth rows in the upper jaw: one (0), two to four (1), five (2), six or more (3). Modified from M37
40. Marginal dentition: “cheek” teeth recurved (0), chisel-shaped (1), bulbous and ogival (2), and bulbous in the base+conical above (3). Modified from M38
41. Dentary: teeth isodont (0), caniniform region present anteriorly (1), or caniniform tooth present anteriorly with caniniform region absent (2). Modified from M39
42. Dentary: first tooth oriented mainly vertically (0) or leans strongly anteriorly (1). M40
43. Antorbital/cheek region: mainly formed by lacrimal and prefrontal (0) or mostly by lacrimal due to a strong dorsal expansion of the bone (1). MR40
44. Orientation of supratemporal: obliquely oriented into anteromedial direction, thereby lying within a facet of the parietal (0) or positioned mediolaterally at the posterior edge of the parietal (1). MR41
45. Parasphenoid: with (0) or without (1) teeth. MR42
46. Vomer: with (0) or without (1) teeth. MR43
47. Palatine: with (0) or without (1) teeth. MR44
48. Parietal: does not strongly project between postfrontal and postorbital (0) or a distinct anterolateral process partially separates postfrontal and postorbital from one another (1). MR45
49. Stapes: distal process is short (0) or elongate (1). MR46
50. Supratemporal small, slender element (0), large, contributing to skull table (1) MR47
51. Swelling of the dorsal neural arches: present (0), absent (1) or exaggerated swelling (2). Modified from MU50
52. Stylo- and zeugopodium: shaft massive and with proximal and distal heads significantly expanded, resulting in an overall stout impression (0), or shaft slender and heads only moderately expanded (1). Modified from MU51
53. Manus and pes: elements short and broad (0), or long and slender (1). MU52
54. Nasolacrimal suture: straight (0), or interdigitating (1). MU54
55. Dentition on pterygoid flange: shagreen of denticles (0), at least one row of functional teeth (1), or absent (2). Modified from MU55
56. Anterior extent of jugal: reaches beyond anterior orbital margin (0), or not (1). MU56
57. Alternation of neural spine height: present (0), absent (1). *
58. Quadratojugal shape: posteriorly straight or decreasing in height (0), or expanded dorsally (1). *
59. Shape of sacral ribs: first sacral rib larger than second rib (0), or both ribs of roughly equal size (1). *
60. Shape of iliac blade: expanded dorsally (0), narrow dorsally (1). *
61. Supinator process of humerus: not parallel to shaft (0), parallel (1), absent (2). *
62. Postorbital extent of jugal: shorter than remaining anterior extent (0), or equal or longer (1).*
63. Anterior dorsal centra strongly ventrolaterally constricted: no (0), yes (1).*
64. Ratio between tibia and 4th metatarsal: 4th metatarsal less than half the length of tibia (0), or more than half the length (1).*
65. Ratio between 4th metacarpal and 1st metacarpal: 1st metacarpal more than half the length of 4th metacarpal (0), or less than half the length (1).*
66. Dentition on palatal ramus of pterygoid: present (0), greatly reduced or absent (1). *
67. Suborbital foramen absent (0), present (1), anteroposteriorly elongate (2). *
68. Posterolateral wing of parasphenoid narrow, meets narrow head of stapes (0); wing broad, meets large head of stapes, in an elongate, nearly parasagittal suture (1). *
69. Paroccipital process of opisthotic long, extending near to medial edge of squamosal (0), process short, extending only slightly beyond body of opisthotic (1). *
70. Quadratojugal maximum height approximately equal to 1/3 the height of squamosal or less(0), nearly equal to ½ of squamosal height (1). *
71. Postparietal contribution to skull table absent or forms only narrow edge (0), contribution large, forming sculptured posterior portion of skull table (1). *
72. Double row of teeth extend far anteriorly on tooth row absent (0); present (1). *
73. Dental tooth wear absent (0), present, modest (1), present, saddle shaped (2). *
74. Teeth on dental field, none (0), less than 40 (1); 41 or more (2). *
75. Lateral process on dorsal ramus of exoccipital absent (0) or present (1). *