Chapter 3 Answers

Development

Pages 64-65

In the past development was measured by looking at the wealth of a country – a single economic indicator. It did not take account of well-being or general quality of life – which can partly be measured by looking at e.g. life expectancy and access to education.

Education is seen as a way of improving life chances and empowering individuals. It can lead to gaining qualifications and access to jobs and careers, including various professions.

STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

Pages 66-67

This is often because people – especially in less developed rural areas – need to provide food for themselves and their families to survive, so work as subsistence farmers e.g. growing rice in Southern Asia. Any surplus can be sold to receive an income, or extra cash crops grown and sold. Many of our most popular food and drinks are grown in tropical areas – predominantly on plantations in LDCs e.g. coffee, tea, sugar cane, bananas, cacao etc. Students should give examples of individual countries/regions growing these e.g. Venezuela, Cote D’Ivoire, Ghana = cacao; Caribbean = bananas, sugar cane etc.

Answers may include:

• Rural-urban migration = urbanisation and the growth of towns and cities as people moved from the countryside to work in new factories

• Economic development in many countries, moving them to stage 4 of the DTM

• An increase of numbers working in secondary industry and a decrease in numbers working in primary industry

• An increase in the import of raw materials

Should explain:

• LDCs tend to have the majority of workers in primary industry either producing food for themselves and export of mining and exporting raw materials. Most processing is done in MDCs. The tertiary sector is often more important than the secondary sector – especially tourism.

• As a country develops its economy it starts to industrialise and a larger proportion of workers are employed in secondary industries. The proportion working in primary industry decreases as secondary and tertiary industries increase.

• In MDCs primary industry (usually highly mechanised today) often employs just a small proportion of the workforce. The proportion working in secondary industries has fallen – partly through automation and the relocation of factories in LDCs/NICs. Tertiary (service) industries are the biggest employers e.g. retail (shops), financial services etc.

Pages 68-69

Countries with a high HDI (the USA and the Netherlands) have low infant and child mortality rates and fewer people per doctor. They have the wealth to provide good medical services and living conditions e.g. good diet and hygiene levels.

Brazil is a NIC and whilst infant and child mortality rates are higher than in MDCs, they have fallen as the country has developed – and there are also more doctors per 1000 of the population. As the economy continues to grow, these figures should improve.

Countries with a lower HDI, especially India and Haiti, have high infant and child mortality rates and a far lower ratio of doctors. They cannot afford high levels of health care and struggle to provide for the basic needs of many of the population. India in particular has a large rural population, often in quite remote areas of the country.

STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWERS

May include:

• The right to vote

• Equality between men and women

• Freedom of speech / free press

• Access to education and birth control

Pages 70-71

(i) Land where it is very difficult to live and survive – on the margins of habitability e.g. the edges of hot deserts like the Sahara.

(ii) They may have nowhere else to live and/or the land has become marginal because of changes in climate / soil etc. They may just be able to still rear livestock or grow some crops. They may own the land.

STUDENT CHOICE /OPEN ANSWER – may include some of the following:

• Physical: climate and changing climate; relief; natural hazards / disasters (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods etc.); location; natural resources.

• Human: population growth – birth and death rates; health care; hygiene (availability of water and sanitation); income/wealth; colonisation ; imperialism; conflict; industrialisation

(i) The difference in development level between the poorer LDCs and wealthier MDCs

(ii) The gap is decreasing as more LDCs industrialise and develop their economies e.g. Brazil, China, India.

Pages 72-73

STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS

Pages 74-77

STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS

It was fairly isolated and difficult to reach/access at least until the nineteenth century. By land from Europe it meant crossing the Mediterranean Sea and then trekking south across the hot, dry expanse of the Sahara Desert. By sea was difficult because of the distances involved / easy access. The coastline changed constantly as sand dunes shifted and there was a lack of natural harbours here and where highland met the sea.

STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS

Best choice = composite bar graph or graphs

A classic pyramid shaped structure with a wide base narrowing towards the top. This indicates a large proportion of young dependents and a small proportion of elderly dependents.

Pages 78-81

STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS

They help families earn some money, but also help Uganda’s economy.

If the crop fails or prices on the world commodity market fall, they have nothing else to fall back on and the economy and people could suffer badly.

STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS

If they settle in one place they can build homes and grow crops. They may also receive funding for a range of projects e.g. tree planting, setting up small businesses. It may also help stop cattle rustling and fighting.

• New drugs are available. These reduce symptoms but may make people become complacent and less careful.

• People have seen numbers with HIV/AIDS decrease, so do not fear it as much and are less careful.

• Some think of drugs as a cure – but they are not and the disease can still be passed on.

• Uganda cannot afford drugs for all sufferers.

Pages 82-87

(i) China is located in the northern hemisphere on the eastern side of Asia. To its east is the Pacific Ocean and to the south west are the Himalayas. Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Russia lie to the north with the islands and peninsula of Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines to the south. It is separated from the USA (Alaska) by the Bering Sea and Bering Strait

(ii) STUDENT CHOICE/RESEARCH

STUDENT CHOICE/RESEARCH

Answers will also depend on students’ interpretation of ‘worst’. This could be strongest (lowest pressure), deadliest (highest number of deaths) or most costly ($ damage). They should state the choice made in their answer.

• To slow down the rapid rate of growth

• To increase economic growth and development

• To be able to provide enough resources for its population

• Hard working labour force / workers

• Lower wages to pay

• Lower taxes

• Fewer regulations

Should include:

• Very large port / dock facilities

• Thousands of containers and mechanised loading/unloading onto container ships

The export of cheap goods - e.g. clothing, toys, electronic hoods, Christmas decorations –manufactured cheaply on factory assembly lines in China helped start the rapid growth of China’s economy as it opened up to trade on the world market in the 1980s.

The BRICS are emerging NICs with rapidly growing economies. They are beginning to have an influence outside their home region – i.e. globally. With a joint population of 3 billion they could become some of the most dominant economies in the world in time.

Varied answers – may include:

• Advantages: vast coal reserves. China is the biggest producer of coal in the world.

• Disadvantages: China consumes more coal than any other country and now has to import some from abroad to meet its needs. Coal is the dirtiest of all the fossil fuels – burning it creates atmospheric pollution and releases greenhouse gases.

STUDENT SKETCH / RESEARCH /OWN CHOICE OF ANNOTATIONS

• Trees act as a windbreak or barrier, protecting soil from winds which can blow it away.

• The roots help bind the soil together, preventing soil erosion

Pages 88-89

Individual named countries may vary, but general answers should be similar to:

• Very high: Canada, USA; Western Europe; Australia and New Zealand; Southern South America

• High: Central and Eastern Europe; most of northern South America; Central America and Mexico

• Medium: Most of Southern and SE Asia; most of North Africa and extreme Southern Africa

• Low: Sub-Saharan Africa; parts of Asia

STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWER

(i)

Indicator / Netherlands / China / Uganda
HDI level / 0.921 (very high) / 0.699 (medium) / 0.456 (low)
HDI ranking / 4/187 / 101/187 / 161/187
Life expectancy / 80.8 years / 73.7 years / 54.5 years
Average years at school / 11.6 years / 7.5 years / 4.7 years
Expected years at school / 16.9 years / 11.7 years / 11.1 years
GNI per capita / $37 282 / $ 7 945 / $ 1 168
Growth rate(s) / 0.6% (2000-2005)
0.3% (2010-2015)* / 0.6% (2000-2005)
0.4% (2010-2015)* / 3.3% (2000-2005)
3.1% (2010-2015)*
Fertility rate / 1.7 (2000) 1.8(2012) / 1.7 (2000) 1.6 (2012) / 6.9 (2000) 6.0 (2012)
Infant mortality / 4 per 1000 (2010) / 16 per 1000 (2010) / 63 per 1000 (2010)
Child mortality / 4 per 1000 (2010) / 18 per 1000 (2010) / 99 per 1000 (2010)
Maternal mortality / 6 per 100 000 births / 37 per 100 000 births / 310 per 100 000
Doctors per 1000 people / 3.9 / 1.4 / 0.1
STUDENT CHOICE
STUDENT CHOICE

*estimate