Appendix I. Partial correlation matrix among flower characters of V. portalesia in the native habitat (above the diagonal) and transformed habitat (below the diagonal). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.

Flower trait / A1 / A2 / F / ALT / RW1 / RW2
Corolla length (A1) / 0.551*** / 0.183 / 0.209 / 0.101 / -0.031
Corolla width (A2) / 0.641*** / -0.300** / -0.189 / 0.018 / -0.086
Flower number (F) / 0.061 / -0.096 / 0.004 / -0.08 / -0.037
Plant height (ALT) / -0.045 / 0.045 / 0.305*** / 0.017 / 0.183*
Shape 1 (RW1) / -0.027 / 0.024 / -0.031 / -0.069 / 0.008
Shape 2 (RW2) / 0.074 / -0.006 / -0.040 / 0.090 / 0.007

Appendix II. List of species belonging to each order of insects involved in the pollination process on Viola portalesia in the two habitats. Mean visitation rate and standard error on a per species basis are depicted.

Habitat / Order / Species / Visitation rate (visits*flower-1*h-1) / SE
Native / Hymenoptera / Bombus dahlbomii / 0.008 / 0.002
Corynura chloris / 0.002 / 0.001
Diphaglosa gayi / 0.001 / 0.000
Iridomyrmex oblonga / 0.012 / 0.003
Manuelia gayi / 0.003 / 0.001
Manuelia gayatina / 0.107 / 0.027
Manuelia postica / 0.057 / 0.014
Diptera / Megalybus crassus / 0.026 / 0.006
Lasia corvina / 0.002 / 0.000
Platycheirus punctulata / 0.012 / 0.003
Sirphid unidentified / 0.041 / 0.010
Triploechus heteroneurus / 0.002 / 0.000
Caenopangonia brevirostris / 0.002 / 0.001
Coleoptera / Eucalus tessellatus / 0.007 / 0.002
Lepidoptera / Homeonympha humilis / 0.006 / 0.001
Vanessa terpsichore / 0.001 / 0.003
Transformed / Hymenoptera / Bombus dahlbomii / 0.002 / 0.002
Bombus terrestris / 0.034 / 0.034
Centris cineraria / 0.002 / 0.002
Chilicola chalcidiformis / 0.136 / 0.062
Lasioglossum spinolae / 0.003 / 0.003
Manuelia gayatina / 0.087 / 0.052
Solenopsis gayi / 0.048 / 0.036
Diptera / Acrophthalmyda paulseni / 0.076 / 0.069
Trichophthalma landbecki / 0.006 / 0.006
Triploechus heteroneurus / 0.015 / 0.009
Coleoptera / Amecocerus aluthaceithorax / 0.048 / 0.036
Amecocerus elguetai / 0.006 / 0.006
Arthrobrachus nigromaculatus / 0.692 / 0.138
Colastus sp. / 0.034 / 0.034
Hylodanacea ruficollis / 0.006 / 0.006
Lepidoptera / Hylephila venusta / 0.009 / 0.009
Vannesa terpsichore / 0.034 / 0.034
Yramea cytheris / 0.121 / 0.061