Final Exam Topic Sheet – AP Biology
For textbook chapters, please refer to your syllabus.
Remember that this is just a topic list – a list of major ideas. It is important to know the details of these major concepts. This list may not be all-inclusive.
I suggest writing all that you know about each of these topics from memory. Then go back to your notes and see what else you can add. If you have any questions, please let me know. Happy studying!
10: DNA - Discovery of DNA as hereditary material – scientists and associated experiments
Structure of DNA and RNA, base pairing
DNA / RNA processes (details)– replication, transcription, post transcriptional modification, translation – enzymes associated
Transposons, snRNPs, inducers, exons
Operons – repressible, inducible
10: Evolution – analogous, homologous, vestigial structures –
Genetic drift – founder and bottleneck effects
Gene frequency – Hardy Weinberg equilibrium – know equation, characteristics
Types of isolation/barriers to reproduction – temporal, behavioral, etc.
Natural selection, hybrid inviability, prezygotic isolation, hybrid sterility
Scientists associated with evolution and accomplishments – Malthus, Darwin, Lyell, Lamarck
Neutral variation, polymorphism
Speciation – allopatric, sympatric
Selection – stabilizing, directional disruptive
Frequency dependent selection, heterozygote advantage
6: Mitosis, meiosis, chromosomes
Synapsis, translocation, chiasmata, cytokinesis, Centromere, chromatid, chromatin, etc.
Purpose and Phases of mitosis/meiosis and events in each
6: Genetics
Genotypes, phenotypes – homozygous, heterozygous, recessive, dominant, ratios
Sex-linked, sex-influenced, epistasis, multiple alleles
Monohybrid, Dihybrid
P, F1, F2 – typical results for different kinds of crosses – probability
Chi-square – calculation and analysis
Anatomy
2: Skin – layers – stratum basale, stratum corneum, stratum granulosum
Subcutaneous, sebaceous, follicle
7: Muscles – myofilament, myofibril, myosin, myofiber, fascicle, perimysium, endomysium, epimysium, sarcomere, tetanus, lactic acid/fatigue/soreness
Sliding filament theory – actin, myosin, A band, H zone, I band
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle characteristics
9: Identification – know muscles of chest and back, arm and legs
10: Digestion and nutrition – locations where/how biomolecules are typically broken down
Organs that secrete different digestive enzymes/juices
Enzymes and biomolecules
What happens in each organ – (function)
Glycogenesis
Liver, bile, feces color
Protein vs. Starch digestion
16: Circulation – open vs. closed – general characteristics
Parts of blood, solid and liquid, and characteristics/ functions of parts
Clotting – fibrinogen
Blood vessels
EKG – what’s happening in each phase, pressure, valves
Diastole, systole
Major Arteries, veins, anatomy/physiology of heart
5: Internal defense
Nonspecific vs. specific
Antibody anatomy
Active vs. passive – artificially vs. naturally acquired
Anaphylaxis
14: Nervous System
Anatomy/physiology of a neuron, brain
Types of neurons
CNS – brain, spinal cord, meninges, pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
Cranial nerves
Neuroglia, gray matter, white matter
Reflex arc – components
Sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system
5: Excretion
Kidneys – processes for Reabsorption – diffusion
Path of exit from body – renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
Functional unit of kidney – nephrons
Functions of kidney – tubular secretion, filtration, reabsorption
Convoluted tubules – return substances to blood