MANAGING AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION & TRAINING
RESOURCES, PRINCIPLES AND METHODS
By
E.C.OSINEM, PhD
Coordinator, Agricultural Education Unit
Department of Vocational Teacher Education
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LISTS OF TABLES
LISTS OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1: AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION: MEANING, ROLES AND JUSTIFICATION
Chapter Objectives
Meaning, Scope, Principles and Objectives of Agricultural Education - -
- What is Agricultural Education-----
- The Scope of Agricultural Education----
- The Principles of Agricultural Education----
- Objectives of Agricultural Education-----
- Methodologies in Agricultural Education----
- What is Agricultural Extension-----
- The Scope of Agricultural Extension -----
- The Principles of Agricultural Extension----
- Objectives of Agricultural Extension-----
- Methodologies in Agricultural Extension----
Distinguishing Features between Agricultural Education and Extension -
Basic Justification for Vocational Agricultural Education in -
- Philosophical Justification ------
- Economic Justification------
- Sociological Justification------
Functions of Agricultural Education--
- Analytical Function------
- Participating Function-----
- Selective Function ------
- Integrating Function------
- Synthetic Function------
Role of Agricultural Education in Meeting Other Facets of Agriculture
- Agricultural Education as a Strategy for Improving Agriculture as a
Way of Living------
- Agricultural Education as a Strategy for Improving Agriculture as a
Business ------
- Agricultural Education as a Means of Teaching and Learning Agriculture
as a Subject Matter------
- Agricultural Education as a Means of Improving Agricultural Science
- Agricultural Education as a Strategy for Improving Agriculture as an
Instrument of Development------
- Agricultural Education as an Instrument in Human Resource
Development in Different Areas of Agriculture---
Forces against Agricultural Education in Performing Its Expected Role in Meeting Other Facets of Agriculture - - - -
Exploring Link between Science and Agriculture---
CHAPTER 2: AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION SYSTEMS
Chapter Objectives ------
Systems of agricultural education: - - - -
Informal, - - - - -
Non-formal and - - - -
Formal. - - - - -
Systems of agricultural education at the - - -
-Primary - - - - -
-Secondary - -
-Tertiary levels of education - - -
Principles of extension education and information communication technology (ICT) approach of non-formal education. - - -
CHAPTER 3: COMPARATIVE SYSTEMS OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
Chapter Objectives
- Global Taxonomic Classification or Types of Agricultural Education Systems in the world.
- Agricultural Education Systems in:
- Kenya and Tanzania
- United States of American
- Nigeria
- Japan
- Philippines
- Britain
CHAPTER 4: OCCUPATIONAL AND CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN AGRICULTURE
Chapter objectives - - -
Importance of choosing the right type of occupation - -
Factors in choosing career and occupations in area of agriculture - - -
Relationship between agriculture and other school subjects - - - -
The need for occupational information in agriculture - - - - -
Available career and occupations in agriculture ------
Ways of making students aware of career and occupations in agriculture -
CHAPTER 5: THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND THE CHALLENGES OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
Chapter Objectives
The role of Government
Challenges of agricultural education
- Environmental issues
- Population education
- Gender issues
- System approach
- Weak synergy : Education-Research-Extension relationship
- Changing employment opportunities
- Budgetary and financial crisis
- Marginalization of agriculture and rural life
- Rapid scientific progress and technical change
- Coordination of activities of agricultural education & training institutions at all levels
CHAPTER 6: PROGRAMME PLANNING IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
Chapter objectives ------
Aims and objectives of programme planning in Agricultural education. --- -
Types of programmes in Agricultural education. ------
Significance of programme planning in Agricultural Education. ------
Factors affecting programme planning in Agricultural Education. ------
Various approaches to programme planning in Agricultural Education. -- --
Different evaluative measures in programme planning in Agricultural Education. ------
Planning a school farm. ------
CHAPTER 7: ORGANIZATION OF CONTENT AND LEARNING EXPERIENCES IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
Chapter Objectives ------
Meaning of content and learning experiences in Agricultural Education. -- --
Factors affecting the selection of content and learning experiences in Agricultural Education. ----
Principles for effective organization of content and learning experiences in Agricultural Education. ------
Planning of Agricultural Education Curriculum. ------
CHAPTER 8: SKILLSTRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURE
Chapter Objective ------
Meaning of skills in Agricultural Education. ------
The need for skills acquisition in Agriculture. ------
Classification of skills in Agricultural Education. ------
Skill development process in Agricultural Education. ------
Teaching Manipulative Skills ------
Teaching Marketable Skills ------
Teaching Occupational Skills ------
Teaching Transferable Skills ------
Teaching Adaptive Skills ------
Factors affecting skill acquisition in Agricultural Education. ------
Problems of skill formation in Agricultural Education. ------
Outline of numerous skills in Agricultural Education. ------
Skills in Poultry ------
Skills in Pest Control ------
Skills in Crop Production ------
Skills in Rabbit Production ------
Skills in Pig Production ------
Skills in Land/Soil Management Practices ------
Skills in Home and/or Farmstead ------
Skills in Landscaping ------
Skills in Agribusiness ------
ICT Skills needed in Agricultural Education ------
Skills in Record Keeping and Analysis ------
CHAPTER 9:CHARACTERISTICS AND ROLE OF INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES
Chapter Objectives ------
Meaning of instructional resources ------
Characteristics of instructional resources. ------
The role of instructional resources. ------
Criteria for the selection of instructional resources. ------
CHAPTER 10: CATEGORIES OF INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES IN AGRICULTURE
Chapter Objectives ------
Categories of agricultural instructional resources ------
Human resources in agricultural instructional delivery ------
Printed and non-printed instructional resources. ------
Qualities of good instructional material resources ------
School farm as an instructional resource. ------
The role of agricultural teacher in utilizing school farm as an instructional resource ------
Ways of integrating ICT in Agricultural Instruction. ------
CHAPTER 11: IMPROVISATION AND USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Chapter Objectives ------
The concept of improvisation. ------
General guidelines for producing instructional materials. ------
The principles of designing media materials. ------
Problems encountered in the production of instructional material. ------
Principles guiding the use of instructional materials. ------
CHAPTER 12: DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTED TRAINING MATERIALS IN AGRICULTURE
Chapter objectives
Procedures for developing selected training materials in agriculture.
- Flip Charts ------
Advantages and limitations --- --
Procedure for producing flip charts --- --
How to use flip charts ------
- Educational Posters ------
Procedure for producing educational posters ------
- Transparencies ------
Advantages of transparencies ------
Procedure for producing transparencies --- --
How to use transparencies ------
- Colour Slides ------
Advantages of Colour slides --- --
Procedure for producing Colour slides -- ---
How to use Colour slides ------
- Power Point and Presentation Basics ------
Slide design ------
Preparing to present ------
Presenting ------
CHAPTER 13: INDOOR AND FIELD LABORATORIES IN AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION
Chapter Objectives ------
Meaning of a laboratory ------
Types of laboratories in Agriculture -- --
Meaning of in-door laboratory ------
Advantages of in-door laboratory in Agricultural Instruction --- --
Materials/equipment required in in-door laboratory ------
Safety measures in the in-door laboratory -- - --
Meaning Out-door laboratory ------
Major examples of out-door laboratories ------
Role of out-door laboratories in Agricultural instruction --- --
Management of out-door laboratory ------
Safety precautions expected in the out-door laboratories -- ---
CHAPTER 14: APPLICATION OF ANDRAGOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL
PRINCIPLES IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
Chapter Objectives ------
Meaning of Andragogy ------
Meaning of Pedagogy ------
Assumptions Andragogy ------
Principles of Andragogy and Pedagogy ------
Application of Andragogical and Pedagogical principles in agricultural education
-In Curriculum Development ------
-In Methodology of teaching ------
-In Evaluation ------
Assumptions of pedagogy ------
Principles of Pedagogy ------
Application of Andragogical and Pedagogical principles in agricultural education
-In Curriculum Development --- --
-In Methodology of teaching ------
-Curriculum Planning ------
-In Evaluation ------
CHAPTER 15: PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION IN FORMALSCHOOL SETTING:
Chapter Objective ------
Teaching and Teaching Practice ------
The Objectives of Teaching Practice ------
Advantages of Teaching Practice to Student-teachers and other Stakeholders -
Features of Teaching Practice ------
The role of Various Stakeholders in Teaching Practice Exercise ------
Teaching Practice Assessment/Evaluation Instrument/Form ------
Planning Teaching Practice ------
Unit Planning ------
Lesson Planning ------
Sample Lesson Plan. ------
Advantages of Lesson Plans ------
Lesson Implementation ------
CHAPTER 16: PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING AGRICULTURAL INSTRUCTION IN NON-FORMAL SETTING
Chapter Objectives ------
Form and objectives of non-formal programme in agriculture. ------
Spiral model of programme planning in non-formal agricultural education - --
- Programme Goal ------
- Target Group ------
-Programme Content ------
- Programme Methods ------
- Organization of Programme Activities ------
Training & V isit Approach ------
-The Pre-visit, ------
-Actual visit and ------
- Post-visit interactions. ------
CHAPTER 17: TEACHING TECHNIQUES IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
Chapter Objectives
The concept of teaching technique ------
Questioning Techniques ------
Learning through reference and Websites ------
Learning through assignment ------
Note taking ------
Closure ------
Planned Repetition ------
Reinforcement ------
Use of Example ------
Use of library ------
Learning through rapport ------
Teaching through action research ------
Simulation and games ------
Programme learning technique ------
Some modern instructional technique and their uses in Agricultural Education -
(i)e-learning ------
(ii)Concept maps ------
(iii)Cognitive apprenticeship ------
Conclusion ------
CHAPTER 18: METHODS OF TEACHING AGRICULTURE
Chapter Objectives ------
1.Classroom – Related Teaching Methods------
- Discussion method ------
- Lecture method ------
- Textbook method ------
- Problem solving/Discovery method ------
- Role playing method ------
- Micro Teaching method ------
- Play-way method ------
2.Laboratory – Related Methods ------
- Experimental method ------
- Project ------
- Supervised practice/Workshop method ------
- Task Instruction Sheets (TIS) ------
3.Field-Related Teaching Methods ------
- Demonstration method ------
- Field trip method ------
- Project method ------
- Exhibition/Trade fair method ------
4.Non-formal-Related Teaching Methods ------
- Field Courses ------
- Seminars ------
- Conferences ------
- Workshops ------
- Correspondence courses ------
- Radio/Television Programme ------
CHAPTER 19: MANAGEMENT AND SUPERVISION IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
Chapter Objectives ------
1. Management activities in Agricultural Education. ------
2. Classroom management practices in Agricultural Education. ------
3. Ways of motivating and maintaining students’ interest in Agriculture. ------
4. Supervision of students’ projects, out-door activities and teaching practice for trainee agricultural teachers. ------
CHAPTER 20: INSTRUCTIONAL AND PROGRAMME EVALUATION IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
Chapter Objectives ------
1. Meaning of measurement & evaluation ------
2. Purposes of evaluation in agricultural education ------
3. Types of evaluation in agricultural education ------
- instructional evaluation ------
- programme (curriculum) evaluation ------
4. Instrument of evaluation in agricultural education ------
- oral test ------
- achievement tests ------
- performance tests ------
- observational schedules/techniques ------
-check – list ------
-rating scale ------
- interview schedule ------
- questionnaire ------
- socio-metric technique ------
CHAPTER 21: CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT: PROCESS AND TECHNIQUES IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
Chapter Objectives ------
Continuous Assessment ------
Characteristics of continuous Assessment. ------
Rationale for continuous Assessment in the Nigerian school system. ------
Instruments for continuous Assessment in both cognitive and Non cognitive levels. ------
Problems associated with implementation of continuous Assessment in the Nigerian school setting. ------