TIA/EIA Structured Cabling Standards

In the mid-1980s, the TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) and the EIA (Electronic Industries Association) began developing methods for cabling buildings, with the intent of developing a uniform wiring system that would support multiple vendor products and environments. In 1991, the TIA/EIA released the TIA/EIA 568 Commercial Building Telecommunication Cabling standard. Note that the ISO/IEC-11801 Generic Customer Premises Cabling standard is an international cabling standard that is based on the ANSI/TIA/EIA-568 cabling standard.

The TIA/EIA structured cabling standards define how to design, build, and manage a cabling system that is structured, meaning that the system is designed in blocks that have very specific performance characteristics. The blocks are integrated in a hierarchical manner to create a unified communication system. For example, workgroup LANs represent a block with lower-performance requirements than the backbone network block, which requires high-performance fiber-optic cable in most cases. The standard defines the use of fiber-optic cable (single and multimode), STP (shielded twisted pair) cable, and UTP (unshielded twisted pair) cable.

The initial TIA/EIA 568 document was followed by several updates and addendums as outlined below. A major standard update was released in 2000 that incorporates previous changes.

  • TIA/EIA-568-A-1995 (Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring Standards)Defines a standard for building cable system for commercial buildings that support data networks, voice, and video. It also defines the technical and performance criteria for cabling.
  • TIA/EIA-568-A updates (1998-1999)The TIA/EIA-568 was updated several times through this time period. Update A1 outlined propagation delay and delay skew parameters. Update A2 specified miscellaneous changes. Update A3 specified requirements for bundled and hybrid cables. UPDATES A4 defined NEXT and return loss requirements for patch cables. Finally, update A5 defined performance requirements for Enhanced Category 5 (Category 5E).
  • TIA 568-B.1-2000 (Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring Standard)The year 2000 update packages all the previous addendums and service updates into a new release and, most important, specifies that Category 5E cable is the preferred cable type that can provide minimum acceptable performance levels. Several addendums were also released that specify technical information for 100-ohm twisted-pair cable, shielded twisted-pair cable, and optical fiber cable.
  • TIA/EIA-569-A-1995 (Commercial Building Standard for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces)This standard defines how to build the pathways and spaces for telecommunication media.
  • TIA 570-A-1998 (Residential and Light Commercial Telecommunications Wiring Standard)This standard specifies residential cabling.
  • TIA/EIA-606-1994 (Building Infrastructure Administration Standard)This standard defines the design guidelines for managing a telecommunications infrastructure.
  • TIA/EIA-607-1995 (Grounding and Bonding Requirements)This standard defines grounding and bonding requirements for telecommunications cabling and equipment.

The current trend is to evolve the standards to support high-speed networking such as Gigabit Ethernet and define advanced cable types and connectors such as four-pair Category 6 and Category 7 cable. Category 6 is rated for channel performance up to 200 MHz, while Category 7 is rated up to 600 MHz.

The remainder of this section discusses the TIA/EIA-568 standard in general, rather than any specific release. According to TIA/EIA 568 documents, the wiring standard is designed to provide the following features and functions:

  • A generic telecommunication wiring system for commercial buildings
  • Defined media, topology, termination and connection points, and administration
  • Support for multiple products, multivendor environments
  • Direction for future design of telecommunication products for commercial enterprises
  • The ability to plan and install the telecommunication wiring for a commercial building without any prior knowledge of the products that will use the wiring

The layout of a TIA/EIA 568-A structured cable system is illustrated in Figure T-8. The hierarchical structure is apparent in the multiple floor office building. A vertical backbone cable runs from the central hub/switch in the main equipment room to a hub/switch in the telecommunication closet on each floor. Work areas are then individually cabled to the equipment in the telecommunication closet.

The TIA standard defines the parameters for each part of the cabling system, which includes work area wiring, horizontal wiring, telecommunication closets, equipment rooms and cross- connects, backbone (vertical) wiring, and entrance facilities. Each of these is described next.

Work Area

The work area wiring subsystem consists of the communication outlets (wall boxes and faceplates), wiring, and connectors needed to connect the work area equipment (computers, printers, and so on) via the horizontal wiring subsystem to the telecommunication closet. The standard requires that two outlets be provided at each wall plate-one for voice and one for data.

Horizontal Wiring

The horizontal wiring system runs from each workstation outlet to the telecommunication closet. The maximum horizontal distance from the telecommunication closet to the communication outlets is 90 meters (295 feet) independent of media type. An additional 6 meters (20 feet) is allowed for patch cables at the telecommunication closet and at the workstation, but the combined length cannot exceed 10 meters (33 feet). As mentioned earlier, the work area must provide two outlets. The horizontal cable should be four-pair 100-ohm UTP cable (the latest standards specify Category 5E), two-fiber 62.5/125-mm fiber-optic cable, or multimode 50/125-mm multimode fiber-optic cable. Coaxial cable is no longer recommended.

Telecommunication Closet

The telecommunication closet contains the connection equipment for workstations in the immediate area and a cross-connection to an equipment room. The telecommunication closet is a general facility that can provide horizontal wiring connections, as well as entrance facility connections. There is no limit on the number of telecommunication closets allowed. Some floors in multistory office buildings may have multiple telecommunication closets, depending on the floor plan. These may be connected to an equipment room on the same floor.

Equipment Rooms and Main Cross-Connects

An equipment room provides a termination point for backbone cabling that is connected to one or more telecommunication closets. It may also be the main cross-connection point for the entire facility. In a campus environment, each building may have its own equipment room, to which telecommunication closet equipment is connected, and the equipment in this room may then be connected to a central campus facility that provides the main cross-connect for the entire campus.

Backbone Wiring

The backbone wiring runs up through the floors of the building (risers) or across a campus and provides the interconnection for equipment rooms and telecommunication closets. The distance limitations of this cabling depend on the type of cable and facilities it connects. Refer to Figure T-11 and the following table. Note that UTP is limited to 90 meters.

Cable Type / MC to ER
Multimode fiber / 2,000m (6,560 ft)
Single-mode fiber / 3,000m (9,840 ft)
UTP (<5MHz) / 800m (2,624 ft)

Entrance Facilities

The entrance facility contains the telecommunication service entrance to the building. This facility may also contain campus-wide backbone connections. It also contains the network demarcation point, which is the interconnection to the local exchange carrier's telecommunication facilities. The demarcation point is typically 12 inches from where the carrier's facilities enter the building, but the carrier may designate otherwise.