Another Mid-Point Review

Global History and Geography II Name: ______

E. Napp Date: ______

The Scientific Revolution

Reason /
  1. The Renaissance and its spirit of inquiry led to this significant turning point; a time of observation, experimentation, and reason.

Galileo Galilei /
  1. The five steps include stating the problem, observation, hypothesis experimentation, and conclusion.

Johannes Kepler /
  1. This devout clergyman from Poland was also an astronomer. He believed in a heliocentric of sun-centered universe. He published “On the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies” in 1543.

Nicolaus Copernicus /
  1. He was a professor of mathematics. He made his own telescope and provided visual evidence that supported Copernicus.

The Scientific Revolution /
  1. He created calculus and developed the law of universal gravitation. He believed that the universe obeyed consistent laws.

Sir Isaac Newton /
  1. He developed the three laws of planetary motion. The planets follow elliptical paths and revolve at different speeds based on distance from the sun.

The Scientific Method /
  1. This key idea of the Scientific Revolution led individuals to believe that it could be used to free people from superstition, poverty, and oppression.

Which statement best describes the effects of the works of Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Sir Isaac Newton, and René Descartes?
1-The acceptance of traditional authority was strengthened.
2-The scientific method was used to solve problems.
3-Funding to education was increased by the English government.
4-Interest in Greek and Roman drama was renewed. / During the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, one similarity in the work of many scientists and philosophers was that they
1-relied heavily on the ideas of medieval thinkers
2-favored an absolute monarchy as a way of improving economic conditions
3-received support from the Catholic Church
4-examined natural laws governing the universe

The Enlightenment

John Locke /
  1. During this turning point in world history, intellectuals began to apply the scientific method and reason to other fields like government, economics, and history.

Catherine the Great /
  1. This English political philosopher defended royal absolutism and published “Leviathan” in 1651. He believed in an all-powerful government to maintain law and order.

Baron de Montesquieu /
  1. This English political philosopher advocated natural rights; the right to life, liberty, and property. He wrote “Two Treatises of Government” in 1690.

Voltaire /
  1. This French philosopher disapproved of absolute monarchy. He believed that all governments should provide for the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial parts.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau /
  1. This French philosopher wrote against religious intolerance. He criticized governments that persecuted people because of their faith.

The Enlightenment /
  1. This French philosopher wrote “The Social Contract” in 1762. He believed that people gave up some freedom in order to serve the common interests of all people.

Thomas Hobbes /
  1. This Russian tsarina adopted several Enlightenment ideals but refused to part with her absolute power.

Writers of the Enlightenment were primarily interested in
1-changing the relationship between people and their government
2-supporting the divine right theory
3-debating the role of the church in society
4-promoting increased power for European monarchs / The writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment believed the government decisions should be based on
1-fundamental religious beliefs
2-the concept of divine right of kings
3-laws of nature and reason
4-traditional values

The French Revolution and Limiting the Power of Kings

Bastille /
  1. It was a major cause of the French Revolution. The First and Second Estates lived in luxury and paid virtually no taxes.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen /
  1. This social class in France paid the majority of taxes and performed the majority of work. They had almost no voice in government.

Maximilien Robespierre /
  1. This lawmaking body of France rarely met even though it represented all three estates in France.

Inequality /
  1. The Third Estate withdrew from the Estates General and formed the National Assembly when its request that each representative be given one vote rather than one vote for each estate. However, on July 14, 1789, an angry mob captured stormed this prison and started the revolution

Monarchy /
  1. This document was adopted on August 1789. It declared that “all men are born free and equal in rights.”

Third Estate /
  1. He was the architect of the Reign of Terror. He was the leader of the powerful extremist group known as the Jacobins. He ordered the execution of thousands.

Estates General /
  1. While the British experienced a civil war and a Glorious Revolution before the French, they, nonetheless, limited the power of this British institution.

One important result of the French Revolution was that
1-France enjoyed a lengthy period of peace and prosperity
2-the church was restored to its former role and power in the French government
3-political power shifted to the bourgeoisie
4-France lost its spirit of nationalism / A study of revolutions would most likely lead to the conclusion that pre-Revolutionary governments
1-are more concerned about human rights than the governments that replace them
2-refuse to modernize their armed forces with advanced technology
3-attempt to bring about the separation of government from religion
4-fail to meet the political and economic needs of their people

Independence Movements in Latin America

Peninsulares /
  1. It is the idea that colonies must benefit the mother country. Colonies export raw materials and import finished goods.

Creoles /
  1. Colonies could only trade with the mother country. The mother country completely dominated trade. The mother country had a trade ______.

Famine /
  1. He was an independence leader of many lands in Latin America. He liberated Venezuela and Colombia.

Mercantilism /
  1. He was an independence leader of Haiti. He led a slave revolt but was imprisoned by Napoleon’s soldiers.

Simon Bolivar /
  1. The potato was introduced to Ireland during the Colombian Exchange. It increased population but when it failed to grow it led to a terrible ______.

Toussaint L’Ouverture /
  1. This social class led independence movements in Latin America. Individuals had wealth and land but lacked political power.

Monopoly /
  1. This social class held the most important political and military jobs. They were leaders of colonial Latin America.

Simon Bolivar and Miguel Hidalgo, leaders of Latin American independence movements, were inspired by successful revolutions in
1-the Untied States and France
2-the Soviet Union and China
3-Cuba and Costa Rica
4-Egypt and Kenya / Which of these situations was the direct result of the other three?
1-nations of Latin America won independence
2-revolutions occurred in North America and France
3-the Napoleonic wars weakened Spain’s power
4-creoles and mestizos became discontented with Spanish rule

State a cause of independence movements in Latin America. ______
State an effect of independence movements in Latin America. ______

Industrialization, Imperialism, and Reactions to Imperialism

Meiji Restoration /
  1. This turning point in world history led to the introduction of machines and factories. Goods were manufactured in factories and urbanization resulted.

Spheres of Influence /
  1. This individual criticized the treatment of workers during the early years of the Industrial Revolution. He advocated revolution and the end of private property.

Sepoy Mutiny /
  1. This individual explained the role of supply and demand in a free market. He advocated Laissez-faire or that the government should not interfere in the market.

Industrial Revolution /
  1. These movements led to the abolishment of child labor, a minimum wage, and safer working conditions.

Karl Marx /
  1. It occurs when a strong country conquers and colonizes a weaker region. Colonies provide raw materials and import finished goods.

Adam Smith /
  1. This poem was written by Rudyard Kipling. It maintained that Europeans had a responsibility to improve the lives of colonial peoples.

Reform /
  1. The Chinese government tried to stop the British sale of opium in China. However, the British were militarily superior and ultimately defeated China. China’s port areas were divided into these.

White Man’s Burden /
  1. Commodore Perry and the Americans ended Japanese isolationism. Afterwards, the Japanese abolished feudalism and modernized and industrialized Japan during this period of Japanese history.

Imperialism /
  1. Like the Boxer Rebellion in China, this period of Indian history was marked by an attempt of colonial subjects to end foreign domination of their lands.

Causes of World War I / Effects of World War I
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Introduction:

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Body Paragraph 1:

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Body Paragraph 2:

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Conclusion:

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Why was the Balkan region referred to as the “Powder Keg of Europe” prior to World War I?

  1. The aggression of the Ottoman Empire was disrupting the balance of power.
  2. Yugoslavia was invading its neighboring countries.
  3. Nationalistic and imperialistic rivalries were increasing.
  4. The area was the leading supplier of military equipment to the rest of the world.