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CHAPTER 25

1) How did Latin America buck the trend of Western imperialism?

2) In what century did most Latin American colonies achieve independence?

3) What beliefs did Latin America share with the west during the 19th century? What beliefs did they not share?

4) What model was rejected by the Creole elites as a way to successful revolution? Why?

5) Who was Toussaint L’ Overture? Why is he significant?

6) What social group saw the Haitian revolution as a symbol of hope and freedom?

7) How did the Haitian revolution impact the rest of Latin America?

8) How did the Napoleonic wars contribute to independence movements in Latin America?

9) What was “the mask of Ferdinand”? How was it used?

10) What did Father Hidalgo do? What groups did he unite?

11) Who was Iturbide? What was he known for?

12) Who was Bolivar? What was he known for?

13) Who was San Martin? What was he known for?

14) By what year had all of Spanish South America become independent?

15) How were the Napoleonic wars different for Portugal as compared to Spain?

16) How was Brazilian independence achieved?

17) How was post-independent Brazil politically different than the Spanish America?

18) What role did religion play in the new Latin American states?

19) When did Mexico end slavery?

20) What was Gran Columbia? Which states were part of it? Which were not?

21) Who were Caudillos? What did they do?

22) What was the “centralist theory’ of government in Latin America?

23) What political principles were held by Latin American liberals?

24) How were liberals and conservatives similar and different in early Latin America?

25) What colonial power in Europe first recognized Latin American independence?

26) What was the Monroe Doctrine? What did it call for?

27) What European nation initially replaced Spain as an economic force in Latin America?

28) What factors led to economic stagnation in Latin America between 1820 and 1850?

29) What role did quano play in Peru’s economy?

30) What was Positivism? Who created it? Who adopted it?

31) What were all of the characteristics of Liberal politicians after 1860 in Latin America?

32) Who was Santa Anna? What was his role in Mexican politics between 1832 and 1854?

33)What colonial powers intervened in Mexican politics between 1829 and 1865?

34) What was Manifest Destiny?

35) What did the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo do? When?

36) What was La Reforma? Who led it?

37) What did the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata accomplish under de Rosas?

38) What new crop made up 40% of Brazils exports by 1840?

39) How did the status of women change in post-independence Latin America?

40) How did skin color and former slave status affect social advancement throughout Latin America?

41) Explain the theories of “Modernization” and “Westernization” in Latin America?

42) What was the “dependency theory?”

43) Describe the core of the Latin American economy between 1880 and 1920?

44) Who was Diaz? Why is he significant?

45) How did European immigration impact Argentina between 1880 and 1920?

46) What caused the Spanish-American War? Where was it fought? What was the outcome?

47) Why did Cuba gain independence from the United States in 1902?

48) What were the characteristics of the Diaz government in Mexico?

CHAPTER 26

1) List the weaknesses of the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century

2) What was the Muslim economy like in the early 18th century?

3) Which European power took Muslim territories in the early 18th century?

4) In the later 1700s what power became the major threat to Ottoman survival?

5) What was the first Balkan region to achieve independence from the Ottoman Empire?

6) By what decade had the Ottoman’s been driven from virtually all of the Balkans?

7) What European nation supported the Ottoman Empire to keep a balance of power in the Mediterranean?

8) What were Sultan Selim IIIs reforms? What was the result of these reforms?

9) What Ottoman Sultan eliminated the influence of the Janissary corp?

10) What were the reforms of Mahmud II? What was the result of these reforms?

11) What were the Tanzimat reforms? What was the result of these reforms?

12) What happened in 1876 that was associated with the Tanzimat reforms?

13) How did the Tanzimat reforms relate to women?

14) How does Abdul Hamid relate to the Tanzimat reforms?

15) In what ways did Abdul Hamid press for Westernization?

16) What group overthrew the Ottoman Sultanate in 1908?

17) What caused the 1908 coup in the Ottoman Empire?

18) Who challenged the Ottomans for control of Libya during WW I?

19)What was the relationship between the Young Turks and the Arabs after the coup of 1908?

20) Whose invasion of Egypt in 1798 signaled the beginning of Europe’s colonization of the Islamic heartland?

21) What Islamic group was deposed by this invasion?

22) What person had established dominance over Egypt by 1801?

23) List the reforms introduced to Egypt after 1801

24) Why could Muhammad Ali not overthrow the Ottoman Empire?

25)Which reforms of Muhammad Ali failed? Why?

26) Who were the Ayan?

27) Who were the Khedives?

28) What motivated Europeans to lend money to Muhammad Ali’s successors?

29) What happened in Egypt in 1882 that allowed Britain to become politically involved in the country?

30) What was the center of Egyptian administration in the Sudan?

31) Why did Achmad claim leadership of Sudanic resistance to Egyptian rule?

32) Who was Mahdi? Who was Khalifa Abdallahi?

33) Who was Nurhaci? What did he do?

34) What did the Manchu dynasty of China call itself?

35) How did the Manchus implement the imperial bureaucracy?

36) In what areas did the Manchus attempt reform?

37) Why did Manchu reforms fail?

38) Who were the compradors? How did they rise in influence?

39) What were all of the causes of Qing decline in the early 19th century?

40) How large was the Chinese population in 1850?

41) Describe the relationship between opium, economics, and colonialism in China

42) Who was Lin Zexu? What was his role in the 1830s?

43) What was the outcome of the opium war?

44) Describe the Taiping Rebellion. What caused it? What was the outcome?

45) How did the Manchus respond to external pressure by the end of the 19th century?

46) When was the last Chinese emperor deposed?

CHAPTER 27

1) How did Russia and Japan defy the common pattern of Western domination?

2) Characterize Russia’s and Japan’s development economically and militarily by the early 20th century

3) How did Russia and Japan approach the west differently?

4) How were Russia and Japan similar in terms of industrialization prior to 1914?

5) What caused Russia to fear too much westernization?

6) What were the characteristics of the Holy Alliance?

7) What was the Decembrist ring? What did they do in 1825?

8)How did Russia avoid revolutions in the 1830s and in 1848?

9) Describe Russian territorial expansion

10)Describe the Russian economy at the beginning of the 19th century

11) How does the Crimean war relate to Russia’s widening gap with the west?

12) Why did the west win the Crimean war?

13) What czar started reforms in the 19th century? What were those reforms?

14) In what ways was serfdom reformed?

15) When were serfs emancipated?

16) What came with serf emancipation?

17) What were Russian reforms in the 1860s and 1870s?

18) What was the first step toward industrialization in Russia?

19) Who was Count Witte? What did he do?

20) What was the relationship between Russian industry and foreign capital by 1900?

21) Rank Russian industrialization by 1900

22) What local advantages did Russia have in terms of industrialization?

23) List the causes of Russian unrest during the second half of the 19th century

24) What was the role of the Russian intelligentsia?

25) Who were the anarchists? What did they want? How did they operate to achieve their goals?

26) What were the characteristics of Russian Marxism?

27) Who were the Bolsheviks? How did they relate to Lenin’s ideas?

28) What contributed to working class radicalism in Russia in the late 19th century?

29) Failure in what war led to the Russian revolution of 1905?

30) What happened in the revolution of 1905?

31) What reforms stemmed from the revolution of 1905? What was the role of the liberals?

32) Who was Stolypin?

33) What was the Duma?

34) Who were the Kulaks? What did they achieve after 1905?

35) Who were the great 19th century Russian novelists?

36) How did the Tokugawa Shogunate deal with a central bureaucracy and regional diamyos?

37) Describe Tokugawa intellectual and cultural life

38) What was the Dutch studies group? What did they advocate?

39) Who forced the opening of Japan in 1853?

40) When did Mutsuhito take the throne? What did he implement?

41) What advantages did Japan have over China in terms of industrialization?

42) What were the political reforms of the Meji era?

43) How did these reforms compare with those of Russia?

44) How was Japanese and Russian industrialization similar and different?

45) What were zaibatsus?

46) How did imports and exports impact Japans industrialization?

47) What did the Japanese adopt culturally from the west?

48) How did Shinto impact industrialization in Japan?

49) What were the social stresses associated with Japanese industrialization?

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