Chapter 18
Industry, Immigrants, and Cities,
1870-1900
Chapter Summary
Chapter 18 tells the story of late nineteenth century northeastern urban and industrial development. Topics covered in this chapter include technological innovations of the times; the rise of the corporate model; the changing nature of work; turn of the century immigration; and, urban and social changes of the late nineteenth century.
New Industry
The Gilded Age of the late 1800s saw America transformed into the world’s foremost industrial power. Technological and scientific advances, the modernization of industry, and the development of the modern corporation created changes in work life and urban living. The demand for workers drew immigrants to America and women and children into the work place. In the new urban landscape poverty abounded; the growing gap between rich and poor was seen as a result of Social Darwinism and survival of the fittest. Industrial tensions resulted in workers organizing into unions, and labor strikes, some violent, resulted as employers fought back to break the power of the unions.
New Immigrants
The period saw a dramatic rise in immigration to the United States, as the number of people moving to America from northern and western Europe slackened, the numbers from southern and eastern Europe, Latin America, and Asia increased. Work, and the resulting independence it would bring, was the goal; immigrants maintained their religious and cultural traditions while some Americans attempted to restrict their numbers through legislation. African Americans moved into the industrial cities of the North and Midwest drawn by the same promise that attracted overseas immigrants.
New Cities
Cities acted like giant magnets; an urban-industrial core extended from New England to the Great Lakes; the crush of people and the emergence of new technologies expanded the city outward and upward. Urban dwellers sorted themselves by social class and ethnic groups; residential neighborhoods, downtowns, and suburbs became fixtures of the modern city. The new middle class transformed America into a consumer society, and leisure activities, spectator sports, and amusement parks became hallmarks of urban life.
Chapter Outline
I.New Industry
A.Inventing Technology: The Electric Age
B.The Corporation and Its Impact
1.Vertical integration
2.Horizontal integration
C.The Changing Nature of Work
1.The demand for low-skilled labor
2.The conditions of labor
D.Child Labor
E.Working Women
F.Responses to Poverty and Wealth
1.Gospel of Wealth
2.Social Darwinism
G.Workers Organize
1.The Great Uprising
2.Labor organizations
a.The Knights of Labor
b.The American Federation of Labor
3.Labor setbacks
a.The Homestead strike
b.The Pullman strike
II.New Immigrants
A.Old World Backgrounds
B.The Neighborhood
C.The Job
D.Nativism
E.Roots of the Great Migration
III.New Cities
A.Centers and Suburbs
1.The development of downtown urban centers
2.The residential suburban neighborhood
B.The New Middle Class
1.Residences and class divisions
2.A new consumer society
3.Leisure in the new urban society
IV. Conclusion
Chapter 18
Industries, Immigrants, and Cities, 1870–1900
Multiple Choice
Section 1: New Industry
1.America proudly displayed its newest technological wonders at the Centennial Exposition in
Page Ref.: 467
2.The term gilded age refers specifically to a time when
Page Ref.: 467
3.As the size of the industrial work force grew in the late nineteenth century,
Page Ref.: 467
4.After 1870,
Page Ref.: 467-468
5.Thomas Edison accomplished all of the following achievements EXCEPT
Page Ref.: 468
6.Edison organized the building of the first electrical power plant in
Page Ref.: 468
7.The major significance of Elihu Thomson’s career was his
Page Ref.: 468
8.An effect of the rise of corporations in America was
Page Ref.: 470
9.Before the industrial boom of the late 1800s,
Page Ref.: 470
10.An example of vertical integration was
Page Ref.: 470
11.The aggressive tactics of John D. Rockefeller were supported by his
Page Ref.: 471
12.An industrial owner who practiced horizontal integration
Page Ref.: 471
13.The pioneer of horizontal integration was
Page Ref.: 471
14.Automated cigarette manufacturing was pioneered by
Page Ref.: 471
15.One disadvantage for American workers, of the rise of corporations was
Page Ref.: 470-471
16.The workplace of the late 1800s included all of the following conditions EXCEPT
Page Ref.: 471-473
17.One effect of workers being required to work long hours was
Page Ref.: 472
18.The use of sweatshops was most common in
Page Ref.: 473
19.By 1900, legislative acts that regulated the horrors of child labor were
Page Ref.: 473
20.Which statement about women and children in the work force is NOT true?
Page Ref.: 473-474
Identification
21–25. Directions- Fill in the letter of the name with its correct description.
A) Terrence Powderly
B) Samuel Gompers
C) Eugene V. Debs
D) Henry Clay Frick
E) Theodore Dreiser
26–30. Directions- Fill in the letter of the name with its correct description.
A) Jacob A. Riis
B) Kate Chopin
C) Jane Addams
D) Daniel Hale Williams
E) AmadeoPietroGiannini
Multiple Choice
31.In the early 1900s, rare professional opportunities were available to women as
Page Ref.: 474
32.Regarding the increase of female workers, most Americans believed that
Page Ref.: 475
33.The purpose of the settlement house movement was to
Page Ref.: 476
34.Andrew Carnegie stated a differing view of the Gospel of Wealth by expressing that
Page Ref.: 478
35.Which statement would most likely have been said by a believer in Social Darwinism?
Page Ref.: 478
36.The Great Uprising of 1877 was a general strike against the nation’s
Page Ref.: 478
37.A major difference between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor was
Page Ref.: 479
38.Which labor organization was formed in 1886 and became the major organizing body for skilled workers?
Page Ref.: 479
39.Terrence Powderly supported all of the following ideas EXCEPT
Page Ref.: 478
40.Seven policemen and four workers were killed by a bomb at Haymarket Square in
Page Ref.: 479
41.The year 1886 saw the labor movement unify behind the move for
Page Ref.: 479
42.American workers were drawn to the American Federation of Labor’s
Page Ref.: 479
43.A turning point in the Pullman strike occurred when
Page Ref.: 480
44.According to your text, how many strikes were called in the late nineteenth and earlier twentieth centuries?
Page Ref.: 480
Section 2: New Immigrants
45.A huge group of Jewish immigrants escaped from the pogroms in
Page Ref.: 481
46.Which group was NOT a large part of the “new immigrants” in the period 1880–1910?
Page Ref.: 480-482
47.Francesco Barone’s success in America led to
Page Ref.: 482
48.In urban, working-class neighborhoods of the early twentieth century,
Page Ref.: 482-483
49.Which statement would most likely have been said by a nativist?
Page Ref.: 484-485
50.Scientific racism espoused all of the following beliefs EXCEPT
Page Ref.: 484-485
51.The American Protective Association specifically focused on
Page Ref.: 485
52.What was the only area in which immigrants discovered they were favored by nativists?
Page Ref.: 485-486
53.The term “Great Migration” refers to the
Page Ref.: 486
54.Stereotypes of blacks were reinforced
Page Ref.: 487
Section 3: New Cities
55.Immigration and migration patterns from 1880–1910 resulted in
Page Ref.: 487
56.Residential suburbs were first populated by
Page Ref.: 489
57.“Downtown” districts tended to include
Page Ref.: 489
58.The book, American Woman’s Home, emphasized all of the following points EXCEPT
Page Ref.: 489
59.All of the following are true about the new middle class EXCEPT
Page Ref.: 490-491
60.Joseph Pulitzer and Randolph Hearst capitalized on the middle-class’s taste for
Page Ref.: 493-494
61.After 1890, department stores
Page Ref.: 490-491
62.Coney Island in New York served as an optimal example of Americans’ love for
Page Ref.: 492
63.Which spectator sport was largely favored by the middle class at the turn of the century?
Page Ref.: 492
Chronology
64.Which event did NOT happen in the 1890s?
a.President Cleveland intercedes in the Pullman strike
b.Guerrilla warfare rages in the hills during the Homestead Strike
c.General Electric opens its research facility plant
d.The Knights of Labor experience their largest membership
65.Which event happened last?
a.Policemen and workers are killed when a bomb explodes at Haymarket Square
b.The Erdman Act establishes mediation in railroad labor disputes
c.Henry Clay Frick hires scabs to break the Homestead Steel strike
d.Eugene Debs leads workers’ protests in the Pullman strike
66.Which labor dispute happened first?
a.the Homestead Steel Strike
b.the 8-hour day movement in Chicago
c.the Great Uprising in the railway industry
d.the Pullman strike
67.The American Federation of Labor was formed in
a.1886
b.1894
c.1897
d.1905
68.In which decade did John D. Rockefeller form Standard Oil?
a.1870–1879
b.1880–1889
c.1890–1899
d.1900–1909
Short Essays
69.Describe examples of both vertical and horizontal integration.
70.In what ways did labor conditions change for the working class in the 50 years after the Civil War?
71.What conditions were similar and different for new immigrants and blacks in urban areas?
72.How did nativist groups attempt to halt the mixture of culture that came to the United States in the period 1880–1910?
73.What circumstances led to the sudden rise and fall of the Knights of Labor?
Extended Essays
74.Compare and contrast the philosophies and tactics of the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor, and the International Workers of the World. Why, in the long run, did one group succeed while the other two failed?
75.What social developments reveal the emergence of a predominant middle-class culture in the United States?
76.Address the following statement: “Despite the great wealth produced by the industrial boom, class divisions in America were sharply divisive in the period 1880–1910.”
77.What philosophies expressed by socialists were appealing to working-class Americans? Why did the Socialist Party fail, in the end, to attract large-scale support in the United States?
78.Support one of the following positions:
“New immigrants were assimilated into mainstream American culture.”
“New immigrants adjusted to mainstream American culture.”
“New immigrants adjusted to American culture and contributed to its diversity.”
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