Chapter 14 Study Guide Microbiology (Bauman 2007)
Objectives
As you work through the activities and practice quizzes for this chapter, keep the following learning objectives in mind. Once you have mastered this chapter, you should be able to:
* Distinguish among the types of symbiosis, listing them in order from most beneficial to most harmful for the host.
* Describe the relationships among the terms: parasite, host , and pathogen .
* Describe the normal microbiota, including resident and transient members.
* Describe three conditions that create opportunities for normal microbiota to cause disease.
* Describe the relationship between contamination and infection.
* Identify and describe the portals through which pathogens invade the body.
* List the types of adhesion factors and the roles they play in infection.
* Explain how a biofilm may facilitate contamination and infection.
* Compare and contrast the terms infection, disease, morbidity, pathogenicity , and virulence.
* Contrast symptoms, signs, and syndromes.
* Define etiology .
* List Koch's postulates, explain their function, and describe their limitations.
* Explain how microbial extracellular enzymes, toxins, adhesion factors, and antiphagocytic factors affect virulence.
* List and describe the five stages of infectious diseases.
* Describe three types of reservoirs of infection in humans.
* Describe the basis for each of the various classification schemes of infectious diseases.
* Distinguish among acute, subacute, chronic, and latent diseases.
* Distinguish among communicable, contagious, and noncommunicable infectious diseases.
* Define epidemiology.
* Contrast between incidence and prevalence.
* Differentiate among the terms endemic, sporadic, epidemic , and pandemic.
* Explain three approaches epidemiologists use to study diseases in populations.
* Explain how nosocomial infections differ from other infections.
* Describe the factors that influence the development of nosocomial infections.
* Describe three types of nosocomial infections and how they may be prevented.
* List three ways public health agencies work to limit the spread of diseases.
Vocabulary
§ Symbiosis
§ Host
§ Mutualism
§ Commenalism
§ Parasitism
§ normal flora (indigenous microbiota)
§ commensals
§ Resident microbiota
§ Transient microbiota
§ Contamination
§ Infection
§ Portals of entry
§ Skin
§ Mucous membranes
§ Placenta
§ Parenteral route
§ adhesion factors
§ adhesins
§ ligands
§ avirulent
§ Infection
§ Disease (morbidity)
§ symptoms
§ signs
§ syndrome
§ asymptomatic
§ Table 14.5 terminology
§ etiology
§ Germ theory of disease
§ Table 14.6 disease categories
§ Koch’s postulates
§ Virulence factors
§ microbial extracellular enzymes
§ toxins
§ adhesion factors
§ antiphagocytic factors
§ biofilms
§ hyaluronidase
§ coagulase
§ collagenase
§ kinase
§ Exotoxins
§ Endotoxins
§ Cytotoxins
§ Neurotoxins
§ enterotoxins
§ antitoxin
§ toxoids
§ Table 14.7 comparison of exotoxins and endotoxins
§ Exotoxin diseases
§ Stages of infectious diseases (Fig. 14.10)
§ portals of exit
§ reservoirs of infection
§ Animal reservoir
§ Human carriers
§ Nonliving reservoir
§ zoonoses
§ Table 14.9 (zoonotic diseases)
§ Modes of infectious disease transmission (Table 14.10)
§ Table 14.11
§ Table 14.12
§ Incidence
§ Prevalence
§ Endemic
§ Sporadic
§ Epidemic
§ Pandemic
§ epidemiology
§ Descriptive
§ Analytical
§ Experimental
§ Nosocomial infections
§ Endogenous
§ Exogenous
§ Iatrogenic
§ Superinfections
§ Potable water