Name:Hour:

HISTORY

HIGHER LEVEL AND STANDARD LEVEL

PAPER 1- Rights and Protest

Test: Version 1

27 May 2016

1 Hour

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

  • Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
  • Answer all the questions.
  • The maximum mark for this examination paper is [25 marks].

Read all the sources carefully and answer all the questions that follow.

Sources in this paper have been edited: word additions or explanations are show in square brackets [ ]; substantive deletions of text are indicated by ellipses…; minor changes are not indicated.

These sources and questions relate to the apartheid era (1948-1964): South Africa.

SOURCE A

Region / Defiance Campaign register arrests, 1952
East Cape / 5,941
Transvaal / 1,578
West Cape / 490
Orange Free State / 125
Natal / 192
National Total / 8,326

SOURCE B

For many years there was tension within the African National Congress (ANC) between those with different ideological and theoretical views.
Many members of the African National Congress (ANC) had become impatient with the inability of peaceful protest to achieve results… Rather than cause a confrontation, they decided to break away, and on 6 April 1959 the PAC was formed... The reasons cited by many sources for this split are that the PAC promulgated [brought forward, supported] policies that were contrary to the 'multi-racial' policies of the ANC, expressed in the Freedom Charter in 1955.
Robert Sobukwe's leadership of the PAC was based on a vision of an 'Africa for Africans' movement, which promoted mass action against discrimination… This standpoint is supported by an extract from Sobukwe's inaugural speech which was given when the PAC was formed in 1959, and advocated 'non-racialism':
"...Further, multi-racialism is in fact a pandering to European bigotry and arrogance. It is a method of safeguarding white interests, implying as it does, proportional representation irrespective of population figures. In that sense it is a complete negation of democracy… We aim, politically, at government of the Africans by the Africans, for the Africans, with everybody who is prepared to accept the democratic rule of an African majority being regarded as an African.
We guarantee no minority rights, because we think in terms of individuals, not groups".
The PAC became a rival of the ANC in terms of support, and this lead to strong competition.

SOURCE C:

Local groups came together to form an Alexandra People’s Transport Committee. Alfred Nzo, the ANC chairman for Alexandra, and ThoamsNkobi were part of the committee. Nzo and Nkobi regularly briefed the ANC leadership at Drill Hall about the progress of the boycott, which soon spread to Pretoria, Port Elizabeth, East London, Uitenhage and other centres. Beyond all expectations, the Alexandra Bus Boycott continued for over three months, and newspapers were filled with compelling images of people trudging their daily 20 miles, while sympathetic white motorists braved police intimidation to provide lifts to the weary walkers. The boycott finally ended in mid-April; six weeks later, the government introduced a new Bill in Parliament, the Native Services Levy Act of 1957, which provided a subsidy [government payment to help offset the cost for something] for bus fares. Anthony Sampson noted that “It was the first Act of Parliament in the 47 years of the Union to be passed directly as a result of African pressure.”

SOURCE D

The evidence given by Paton and the comments of Stephenson indicated that there were many outside of the ANC camp who recognized how important… Mandela, Sisulu and the other leaders… would be to a future South Africa. But at the time, it was not how white South Africa saw the picture. The prevailing white attitude was well illustrated in an editorial in the Sunday Times:

“For the people of South Africa the prevailing lesson of Rivonia is that violence as a political weapon must be discarded once and for all… Any reasonable assessment of the forces available leads to this conclusion. Meanwhile, the damage done in the hardening of white attitudes is incalculable…

The judgment in the Rivonia trial was used by politicians to bolster attitudes against the ANC for more than two decades…As white attitudes hardened, so black leaders began to challenge, with growing intensity, the censure of their political struggle as violent, communist and criminal activity.

  1. (a) According to Source C, in what ways was the Alexandra bus boycott of 1957 a success?

(3 marks)

(b) What is the message of Source A?

(2 marks)

2.With reference to its origin,purpose and content, assess the values and limitations of Source B for historians studying divisions within the ANC. (5marks)

3. Compare and contrast Sources B and D with respect to the ANC’s goals and strategies to enact change in an apartheid society.

(6 marks)

4.Using the sources and your own knowledge, to what extent was the ANC successful in achieving its goals between 1948-1964?

(9 marks)