Final Review #1
By the way….
Don’t forget your final is at 7:30am on Wed, in the usual room
Make SURE to study your previous exams!
We won’t really be going over dead week lectures, but you are still responsible for them!
1.What are the four characteristics of a chordate?
1. notochord 2. dorsal hollow nerve chord 3. pharyngeal slits 4. muscular postanal tail
2.What are the three subphyla in the Phylum Chordata?
Urochordata, cephalochordata, vertebrata
3.Who is the founder of modern taxonomy? What two things are accredited to him?
Carolus Linnaeus—binomial nomenclature and hierarchal classification
4. What are the four parts of evolution by natural selection?
1.more individuals born each generation than can survive and reproduce
2.trait variation among individuals
3.some of that trait variation is heritable
4.trait differences tied to fitness
5.What are the three types of fish scales? Describe.
Placoid-from mesoderm, composed of dentine Ganoid-composed of bone
Cycloid/Ctenoid-outer layer of bone, thin layer connective tissue
6. ______are the class of fish that were a precursor to tetrapods.
Rhipidistians
7.The ______is the age of fishes. Devonian
8.What are the three extant orders of Amphibians?
Gymnophiona-caecilians caudata-salamanders anura-frogs/toads
9. Amphibian means ______. While Lissamphibia means
______. Two lives, modern amphibian
10.What are the three theories of why fish moved to land?
- avoid being eaten(predation) 2. better quality of food 3. competitive advantage
11. ______is the age of Amphibians. Carboniferous
12. What is the main reason that amphibians are still tied to water?
Egg with no shell can’t leave a moist area
13. ______is the age of reptiles. mesozoic
14.What are the four extant orders of reptiles?
Testudines-turtles, squamata-lizards, sphenodonta-tuatara, crocodilia-crocs
15.T/F Retiles are a monophyletic group. False(not all descendants are reptiles b/c birds
16. ______is a transitional fossil with mixed features of fish and tetrapods. Tiktaalik
17. Amniotes differ in the number of ______(skull openings. What are the three types?
Temporal fenestrae, anapsid-no opening, synapsid-one, diapsid-2
18. Molecular and morphological data support two squamate lineages ______and
______. Serpentes and Amphisbaenia are nested within ______. Iguania and Scleroglossa, Scleroglossa.
19. ______is the fossil with bird and reptile characteristics. Archaeopteryx
20. What are the three theories of flight evolution?
1.arboreal- jump>glide>fly leap between trees and glide to break fall
- cursorial-run>gliding>flap wings increase life and lighten load for running, add to forward propulsion---NOT TRUE
- cursorial II – run>glide>flap wings to trap prey
21. Birds evolved from ______dinosaurs. Theropod
22.______means two sets of teeth(baby and adult), ______dentition means different kinds of teeth(canines, molars, etc.). Diphyodonty, heterodont
23. What are the three major anatomical changes that occurred with mammals?
Squamosal dentary jaw articulation, inner ear-sense vibrations, locomotion
24.What are the two types of bones?
Endochondral-bone replace cartilage, ossified, most common
Membranous- no cartilage precursor(facial bones)
25. Why are intercalated disks important? Coordinate contraction of heart
26. ______--retention of larval characteristics. paedomorphism
27. What are the three types of blood cells?
Thrombocytes-blood clotters(mammals have platelets), erythrocytes-rbc, leukocyte-wbc
28.Fish use ______current exchange of O2. counter
29. ______are salamanders who are lungless. Plethodontidae
30. ______is the outer layer of skin, and ______is the inner layer. Epidermis, dermis
31.Shedding in reptiles= ______, and shedding in birds=______. Ecdysis, molting
32. ______is the master center of the brain.
33. The parathyroid produces ______hormone which controls calcium in blood. Parathyroidic
34. What are the two types of polygamy?
Polygyny-1 male, many females polyandry-1 female, many males
35.______: live birth, ______:embryo in structure outside body,
______: combination viviparous, oviparous, ovoviviparous
36.The ______is the largest gland in the body, it’s a chemical factory, storage depot of digested materials and site of detoxification. Liver
37.What are pancreatic juice and bile rich in that aids in neutralization of stomach acid? Bicarb
38.Foods are transported through the digestive system and experience ______and ______breakdown physical and chemical
39. What are three water conservation measures?
Decrease evaporative loss through lungs and skin, produce concentrated urine, very dry feces
40.Wastes are extracted from blood by the ______:the functional unit of the kidney. Nephron
41. What are the three types of neurons? Describe.
Efferent-motor, afferent-sensory, interneurons-in between
42. ______taste warns of toxicity. Bitter
43.If pressure is sustained the ______adjusts. corpuscle
44.What did the vertebrate ear originate as?
Balance organ
45.What are the four pupil shapes? What are they used for?
Round- day or night only vertical-nocturnal, and also active during day
Vertical pinholed- allows for several images horizontal- wide open habitat
46.______are used in dim light and ______are used for color vision. Rods, cones
47.What are the four types of swimming locomotion? Describe?
Carangiform-front half body rigid, back half moves Ostraciiform-only caudal fin moves
Appendicular-appendages move angulliform- most of body used
48.What are the three types of instability? Describe.
Roll- move side to side Pitch-up and down movement yaw- tendency to go right or left
49.The two forces that to be generated by swimming are ______(counteracts force of gravity), and ______(forward/backward motion in a horizontal plane. Lift, thrust
50.What does Bernoulli’s Principle? How is it applied to flight locomotion?
Says increase in air speed, decrease in pressure. Low pressure zone forms above wing, high pressure under, producing lift; air pressure pushed bird up
51.What are the three powered fliers that developed?
Pterosaur, bats, birds
52. What are the two types of soaring?
Static-use thermals, wings with deep slots dynamic-live in places with constant wind, exalbatross
53.What are the five general types of locomotion? Match these terms with the corresponding type…cursorial, saltatorial, scansorial.
Running-cursorial, jumping-saltatorial, climbing-scansorial, crawling, digging
54. There are four crawling types of locomotion…what are they and describe them.
Lateral undulation-anguilliform mvmnt on land
Rectilinear-use belly scales to push body forward
Concertina-anchor part of body with S-shaped coils, pull body forward, anchor again, stretch out
Side winding- throw body 2-3 coils at a time, animal tracks forward but at an angle to direct travel
55.______: to act, react, or function in a particular way in response to a stimulus. Behavior
56. ______behavior is developmentally fixed, has genetic and environmental underpinnings, ex: baby bird begging for food. Innate
57. What are the two types of conditioning?
Classical(associating arbitrary stimulus with reward/punishment), and operant(trial and error)
58. What is altruism?
Most behavior is selfish, but altruistic behavior saves another while harming oneself…possibly to increase fitness of close relative
59. What’s the difference between a home range and territory?
Territory is defended
60. Increased ______is the ultimate benefit to a territory. Fitness
61.What are ways to defend a territory?
Visual, auditory, and chemical displays…not fighting
62.______signals are ideal for communication over long distances, are easy to locate, can be sent without need for sight. Auditory
63.What are some disadvantages of chemical markings as communication?
Transmission inefficient, difficult to locate, wear out
64.______is a one-way trip, and ______is a seasonal round trip.
Dispersal, migration
65.______species hatch in a river, while adults live majority of their lives in a marine environment, and return to freshwater to breed, lay eggs, and die. Salmon, for example. Anadromous
66.For migration, ______is key. ______(annual) and ______(daily) rhythm are both reset by this. Photoperiod, circannual, circadian
67.What are the four chemical colors?
Melanins-darks colors, carotenoids-bright colors, tetrapyrroles-red in blood, guanine-silver
68.______changes are when color changes from young to adult, ______changes are found in birds and mammals primarily, especially in the arctic, and ______changes happen within hours, days or minutes.
69. ______coloration serves as predator avoidance where the animal confuses the predator. Cryptic
70.______is the manufacture of complex substances from simpler substrates with the consequent utilization. Anabolism
71.Mating behavior does what three things?
Make sure different sexes of same species with female physiologically ready
72. ______young are born helpless. Altricial
73.______: temperatue of organism determined by temp of environment. Ectothermic
74.Is heat or cold harder to deal with? How is it dealt with usually?
Heat; water loss
75.Temperature zone in which animal requires minimum amount of energy for temp regulation?
Thermal neutral zone
76.What are the three types of dormancy?
Estivation, hibernation, torpor
77.What are the three steps to enter hibernation?
Decrease heart rate, drop O2 consumption, drop body temp