The Kingdoms (Review)

The Kingdoms (Review)

I.  Eubacteria

A.  True Bacteria: Single-celled, No Nucleus

1.  Bacteria are prokaryotes, both beneficial (Nitrogen-fixing and Saprophytes) and Harmful (Pathogens)

a.  3 main shapes:

i.  Rod (Bacillis)

ii.  Spiral (Spirilla)

iii.  Sphere (Coccus)

2.  Cyanobacteria

a.  Producers-contain chlorophyll

b.  Pond Scum

c.  Pasteurization: flash heating of food to kill bacteria

II.  Archaebacteria: Single-celled, No Nucleus

A.  Bacteria that live in harsh environments: Thermal vents, Hot Springs, Salty lakes

B.  3 Types based on how they get energy:

1.  Methanogens: Use CO2 and produce Methane

2.  Halophiles: Live in extremely salty environments

3.  Thermophiles: Live in very hot temperatures

III. Protista

A.  Protozoans: Single-celled, animal-like protists containing a nucleus.

1.  Animal-like: Classified by movement:

a.  Flagellum (Zoomastigina)

b.  Cilia (Ciliophora)

c.  Shape-changers (Rhizopoda)

d.  Non-moving, Parasites (Sporozoa)

B.  Plant-like-Contain Chlorophyll and make their own food.

1.  Euglenoids-Have both Animal and plant characteristics

2.  Algae: Classified by Color

a.  Red (Rhodophyta)-Irish Moss

b.  Green (Chlorophyta)-Sea lettuce, Spyrogyra

c.  Golden-brown (Chrysophyta)-Diatoms

d.  Brown (Phaeophyta)-Kelp

3.  Fungus-Like: Slime Molds, Water Molds, Downy Mildews

IV. Fungi

A.  Plant-like, no chlorophyll, can’t make own food.

B.  Saprophytes-feed off of dead and decaying organic material

C.  Classified by Reproductive Structure

1.  Sac-Yeast

2.  Club-mushrooms, puffballs, rusts

3.  Thread-like (Molds)

V.  Plantae

A.  Have chlorophyll, undergo photosynthesis, Complex cell structure, cell walls

B.  Non-Seeded

1.  Nonvascular

a.  Mosses

b.  Liverworts

2.  Vascular: Have vascular tissue

a.  Club Mosses, Horsetails, Ferns

C.  Seeded

1.  Gymnosperms(Naked Seed):

2.  Conifers(Conebearing)

3.  Angiosperms(Covered seed)

a.  Flowering Plants

b.  Produce Fruit

VI. Animalia

A.  Have Nuclei, complex tissues and organs, no cell walls, cannot make own food.

B.  Invertebrates: Animals without backbones

1.  Sponges (Porifera) Simplest Animal,

a.  Supported by Spicules

b.  Sessile: Stay in one place

c.  Filter Feeders

2.  Coelenterates(Cnidarians)-Contain stinging cells for protection & feeding

a.  Two Body Plans:

i.  Polyp-Sessile

ii.  Medusa-free-swimming or floating

3.  Flatworms-Simple, Mostly parasites, need hosts to survive

4.  Roundworms-“Tube within a tube”

a.  All are parasites

5.  Segmented Worms

a.  Repeating segments

i.  Each segment contains nerve cells, blood vessels, part of the digestive tract.

6.  Molluskshave a shell

a.  Gastropods-single shell, snails & slugs

b.  Bivalves-two shell halves, mussels & clams

c.  Cephalopds(Head-foot)-Octopus, Squid, Nautilus.

i.  well developed head, foot divided into tentacles

ii.  Closed circulatory system

7.  ArthropodsJointed appendages, Exoskeleton

a.  Insects

b.  Crustaceans

c.  Arachnids

d.  Centipedes & Millipedes

8.  Echinoderms

a.  Spiny or leathery skinned

b.  Water-vascular system

c.  Tube-feet

C.  Chordates: Dorsal, tubular nerve cord, Endoskeleton

1.  Vertebrates: Bilateral Symmetry, Lateral Gill Slits,

a.  Fish: Warm-blooded, Gills, developed organ systems.

i.  Jawless fishes-No scales, usually suckers

ii.  Cartilaginous fishes-Skeleton of cartilage, movable jaws and scales

iii.  Bony fishes-Swim Bladder-adjusts for buoyancy

b.  Amphibians

i.  cold-blooded

ii.  Hibernation & Estivation

iii.  Metamorphosis

c.  Reptiles

i.  Cold-blooded

ii.  dry scaly skin

iii.  Internal fertilization

d.  Birds:

i.  Warm Blooded

ii.  Feathers-preening: Cleaning technique

iii.  light-weight skeleton

iv.  Adaptations for flight

e.  Mammals:

i.  Livebearing

ii.  Hair

iii.  Mammary glands

iv.  Warm-blooded

v.  3 groups based on how embryos develop:

A.  Monotremes: Lay eggs with leathery shell

B.  Marsupials: pouched, embryos are born, then crawl to pouch and attach to nipple

C.  Placental: embryo develops in uterus until birth, surrounded by Placenta