RNA and Protein Synthesis Guided Notes
· ______is responsible for controlling the production of ______in the cell, which is essential to life!
o DNAàRNAàProteins
· ______contain several thousand ______, each with directions to make one ______
Where are Proteins Produced?
· Proteins are produced on ______!
· Found in two places:
o Free floating in ______
o Attached to ______
· How does information needed to build a protein gets delivered from the DNA to the ribosomes?
o With the help of ______in a process called ______
What is RNA?
· RNA stands for ______
· One subunit is called a ______
o 1 5-carbon ______(ribose)
o 1 ______group
o 1 nitrogenous ______
· Three types of RNA: ______
A Closer Look at mRNA
· How is mRNA different from DNA?
o ______stranded
o ______and able to leave the ______
o The sugar is ______
o There is a different base
§ ______(U) takes the place of ______(T)
· The job of mRNA is to take directions for one gene and transport it to a ______in the ______.
o This is so a cell can begin assembling ______, the building blocks of ______!
o It’s sending a ______on how to do the job!
Protein Synthesis
· Protein synthesis is a two stage process: ______
o A ______molecule (mRNA) carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes
§ DNA ______leave the nucleus; ______can!
§ ______makes it possible for ______to be assembled by ______outside the nucleus
Protein Synthesis: Transcription
· Transcription is when ______is turned to ______
· Happens when ______need to be made in the ______
· Since DNA CANNOT leave the ______, it is ______into RNA (DNAàRNA)
o Transcribe: ______(copy in the same nucleic acid language, but only what is needed!)
· How does it happen?
1) After an ______targets the portion of the DNA that should be copied (______), the sections of DNA (______) will temporarily ______to allow mRNA to ______(copy). This will continue until an enzyme signals “the end”
2) mRNA leaves the ______, travels into the ______and attaches to a ______
3) The “message” from DNA can now be translated to make a ______
· Transcribing DNA to mRNA is very easy if you remember these complementary pairs!
o ______(in RNA) will attach to a ______(in DNA)
o ______(in RNA) will attach to a ______(in DNA)
o ______(in RNA) will attach to a ______(in DNA)
o ______(in RNA) will attach to a ______(in DNA)
· Try it!
o A piece of DNA reads: T A G C A T T C C G A U
Transcribe to mRNA: ______
o 1 side of DNA reads: A A G C G T A T C C C G
Transcribe to mRNA: ______
Protein Synthesis: Translation
· Translationà The process in which ______is used as a ______to form chains of ______(RNAàProtein)
o Amino acids linked together form a ______
o Translate: To change a sentence from one language (______) to another (______)
· Every 3 letters on an mRNA chain = ______
· Each codon (3 DNA letters) = 1 ______
· Given the ______, we can read a ______chart to translate it into amino the amino acid it codes for!
o Remember, 1 word in nucleic acid language is a ______(three nucleotides)
· Translation occurs in a ______in ALL cells
· Uses all three forms of RNA (______)
· DNA is not directly used!
Steps of Translation
1) The mRNA leaves the ______and lands on a ______(rRNA)
2) ______(with correct anticodon) lands on the ribosome opposite a ______on the mRNA
3) The tRNA leaves the ribosome, but the ______that it coded for stays on the ribosome to wait for next codon to be read
4) The ______moves to the next ______bringing in another ______to the growing protein chain
· The amino acid chain will ALWAYS begin with the “______”- AUG
· The tRNA will continue to add amino acids until it reaches a “______” (UAA, UAG, UGA)
· When it reaches a stop codon, then a complete ______has been built! The protein ______from the ribosome.
Let’s Practice!
· Given the strand of DNAà ATC
o What would it’s complementary DNA strand read? ______
o Now, transcribe the DNA to mRNA ______
o What amino acid does the codon code for? (use chart) ______
o What would the anticodon on tRNA read? ______
· Given the strand of DNAà TGA
o What would it’s complementary DNA strand read? ______
o Now, transcribe the DNA to mRNA ______
o What amino acid does the codon code for? (use chart) ______
o What would the anticodon on tRNA read? ______
Mutations
· Changes to DNA are called ______
o Change the ______
o Change the ______
o May change ______
o May change ______
Types of Mutations
· Changes to the letters (ATGC bases) in DNA!
· Point mutationà change to ______letter in the DNA!
o May (or may not) cause a change to protein
· Frame shift mutationà addition of a ______letter; or deletion of a letter!
o Both of these ______DNA so it changes how the codons are read
o Big changes to protein
Point Mutations
Missense mutation = ______(Ex. Sickle Cell Anemia)
Silent mutation= ______
Nonsense mutation=______
Frameshift Mutations
· ______or ______one or more bases
o Change the meaning of the whole protein!
· Additionà ______
· Deletionà______