Annexure – II

COMMON TROPICAL HOUSEHOLD INSECTS & THEIR PREVENTION

Insects

/ Preventive & Curative Measures
1. Cockroaches /
  • Commercial insecticide
  • A mixture of 12 parts of sodium fluoride in 100 parts of flour, a white powder, bait can be sprinkled in the haunts of cockroaches.
  • Sodium Fluoride is poisonous to human being.
  • Borex powder
  • Camphor balls and Naphthalene cake
  • Baygon spray or Baygon Bait.

2. Silverfish /
  • Maintaining a high degree of cleanliness
  • Spread a mixture of boric acid and flour where they are likely to encounter.
  • A mixture of 12 parts of sodium fluoride in 100 parts of flour.
  • Sprinkling of phenyl water
  • Baygon spray
  • Naphthalene and camphor cakes.

3. Bookworms /
  • Naphthalene in the form of blocks or fumigation with paradichlorobenzene crystals.
  • Use of Baygon spray.
  • Fumigation with Methyl or Ethyl Bromide or Carbon-di-suplhide.

4.Termites /
  • Solution containing trichhlorobenzene, pentachloro phenol, sodium arsenite.
  • Gammexane dust.
  • Pouring of a solution of sodium arsenite (1 part of sodium arsenite to 9 parts of benzol) into any cracks in the library floor.
  • Wood dwelling termites may be repelled with a wood preservative such as coal-tar or creosote.

5. Mildew /
  • Thymol fumigation.

6. Book lice /
  • Paradichlorobenzene as repellants
  • Spray of phyrethrum.

Annexure – III

SOME COMMON INSECTICIDES

Insecticides are those substances, which kill insects by their chemical action. Insecticides may be grouped into three general classes : (a) Stomach poisons, (b) Contact Poison and (c) fumigants. Fumigant or poison gases are generally the most effective insecticides to use when the insects an the materials they are damaging are in a tight enclosure such as library stack room cupboard, close air tight chamber etc.

DDT (Dichlorodiphenyl Trichloroethane [CCl3lCH (C6H9Cl2])

It is a white to cream – coloured amorphous powder produced by reacting chloral with monochlorobenzene in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. DDT is the most permanent and durable of all the commonly used contact insecticides, due to its insolubility in water, its very low vapour pressure, and its resistance to destruction by light and oxidation. DDT acts as either a contact of stomach poison to insects affecting the sensory organs and nervous system and causing violent agitation at first followed by paralysis and death. It is a relatively slow-acting material.

Hydrogen Cyamide (HCN)

It is aa volatile, colourless liquid which has an odour of bitter almond. Hydrogen Cynamide is soluble in water and in alcohol and ether. It burns freely in air and is dangerously inflammable and explosive in mixtures with air. As a fumigant, the gas diffuses rapidly, but because of it is lighter than air, diffusion is mainly upward and outward. Hydrogen Cynamide is the most extensively used fumigants for insects.

Dieldrin

It is a very stable material with a long residual action and is compatible with all the commonly used insecticides and fungicides. It is widely used for the control of insects, pests as a residual house spray for moth-proofing.

Methyl Bromide (CH3Br)

It is one of the most widely used fumigants. The gas is non-inflammable. It is a colourless and almost odourless gas. Methyl bromide is the most penetrating of the commonly used fumigants because of its high specific gravity. Methyl bromide kills insects very slowly. A dosage of 1 to 3 pounds per 1000 cubic feet is normally used over a 12 to 16 hours exposure.

Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)

It is a colourless liquid. The gas has a specific gravity of 5.3 and a pungent chloroform like odour and is non-inflammable or explosive. Carbon tetrachloride is almost insoluble in water but is soluble in organic solvents. It is a low-acting fumigant or comparatively low toxicity to insects. Unlike carbon disulphuric, carbon tetrachloride is not inflammable and is often used in fire extinguishers to smother flames. This property makes carbon tetrachloride an extremely safe insecticide fumigant, but unfortunately its toxicity to insects is relatively low.

Naphthalene [C10H8)

Naphthalene is secured from certain fractions of coal tar distillates by cooling and centrifugation. The pure grades are subjected to sub-limation. For a solid naphthalene possesses a relatively high volatility and readily saturates the air surrounding the room. It is not soluble in water. To most people, naphthalene is probably the most familiar of all insecticides.

Thymol (C6H3 CH3 .OH.C3H3)

It is a white and bright crystalline substance. The odour is very pleasant. It is not inflammable. Under slight heat, it readily volatilises. Thymol although not permanent, is an effective, easy to use, general purpose sterlizer. Thymol is toxicologically safe but should be used with caution because it dissolves some inks and attacks paints and varnish. Because it does not impregnate the material, it will not reduce mildew stains not will it provide lasting protections.

Formaline [(HCHO) 40% Formaldehyde]

It is a liquid substance which has a mild soothing odour. It is effective for sterlizing papers, but it can not be used on parchment, vellum or leather. One method for utilization and archives attacked with insects in a covered box or chamber in which the formaldehyde is heated in a porcelain cup over a spirit lamp. Sterlization will be complete in 24 hours.

Ethylene dichloride (CH2Cl2)

It is a colourless liquid. It is slightly soluble in water and in organic solvents. The specific gravity of the gas is 3.4, and the vapour is inflammabl2e. ethylene dichloride is of moderate toxicity as a fumigants and is slow to kill insects. The necessary dosages of the mixture range from 10 to 18 pounds per 1000 cubic feet in air tight vaults at a atmospheric pressure for 24 hours.

Para-dichlorobenzene

It is a white crystalline material. It vapourizes slowely to form a non-inflammable gas with an ether like odour and specific gravity of 5.1. About 0.7 poun will saturate 1000 cubic feet air. It is used as a fumigant for the larvae of beetles, moth etc.

Annexure – IV

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Annexure – V

STAINS AND SOLVENTS FOR THEIR REMOVAL

Stain

/ Solvent
Glue / Warm Water
Paste / Water
Lacquer / Acetone (Flammable)
Tar / Gasoline (Flammable)
Benzene (Flammable)
Pyridine
Paint / Alcohol and Benzene Mix
(Flammable)
Pyridine followed by water
(Bad Odour)
Turpentine
Wax / Gasoline (Flammable)
Shellac / Ethyl Alcohol (Flammable)
Iodine / Ethyl Alcohol (Flammable)
Mildew / Ethyl Alcohol (Flammable)
Benzene (Flammable)
Tea & Coffee / Potassium Perborate
Rust / 5% oxalic acid or freshly prepared mixture of lemon juice and salt.
Mud / Water or Ammonia
Grease, Fat, Oil / Alcohol (Flammable)
Gasoline (Flammable)
Benzene (Flammable)
Trichloro ethylene
Pyridine (Bad Odour)
Lipstick / 5% Tartaric Acid followed by water.
Varnish / Alcohol (Flammable)
Acetone (Flammable)
Pyridine (Bad Odour)
Adhesive Tape / Carbon tetrachloride or benzene
Sallo Tape / Mixture of Benzene and Toluene or (Pressure mixture of hexane and Toluene)
Resins / Alcohol
Blood / Formaldehyde

Annexure – VI

TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY

Temperature can be measured in Degree Celsius or Centigrade in Degree Fahrenheit. To convert Centigrade to Fahrenheit, the following formula can be used :

5

F – 32 = ––

9

Temperature can be measured using a thermometer.

Relative Humidity (Rh) is measurement of moisture in the air. It is expressed as a percentage.

Amount of water vapour present in air at a given temperature

RH =

Amount of water vapour required to saturate the same volume of air

at the same temp.

It can be measured using a hygrometer or a dry and wet bulb thermometer.

Both temperature and RH can be measured and recorded together using a thermohygrometer.

How to measure RH using a dry and Wet Bulb Thermometer :

  1. Note reading of wet bulb
  2. Note reading of dry bulb
  3. Subtract, dry reading – wet reading and note difference.
  4. Use chart to plot RH.

Ideal conditions for Paper/ Palm Leaf Collection :

High temperature causes brittleness.

High humidity causes fungus attack.

Low humidity cause brittleness.

Fluctuations cause mechanical damage as the object expands and contracts.

Therefore, the temperature should be maintained at 20 – 250 C.

The RH should be maintained at 45 – 60% RH.

Annexure – VII

SIMPLE METHODS : HOW TO CONTROL LIGHT

  1. Block sunlight by closing windows or by putting curtains at window or over objects.
  2. Increase distance of object from light source.
  3. Cover object when not being viewed or used.
  4. Light from fluorescent tubes can be reflected off walls painted with Zinc Oxide or Titanium dioxide.
  5. Ultraviolet filter can be placed over windows or fluorescent tubes.
  6. Incandescent bulbs should be placed at a distance away from the object.

SIMPLE METHODS : HOW TO CONTROL FLUCTUATIONS IN RELATIVE HUMIDITY

  1. Control fluctuations in temperature.
  2. Use BUFFERS or moisture absorbent materials such as curtains, wooden furniture around collections. These buffers absorb and release moisture slowly thus decreasing the harmful effects of fluctuations.
  3. Regulate an even movement of visitors.
  4. Avoid water accumulation near collection.
  5. RH can be kept low by placing silica gel in the showcase.
  6. In a closed showcase, a saturated solution of Sodium bromide in water keeps RH under control as shown below

TemperatureRH

200 C55%

250 C53%

300 C52%

  1. Damp air should be circulated out of the room using exhaust fans.

1