Circulatory System
Function: To transport materials such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones, through out your body.
Structure: Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood
Facts about the heart:
1. The heart is made of cardiac muscles.
2. The heart carries oxygen poor blood to the lungs and oxygen rich blood away from the lungs to the body.
3. The heart has 2 sides (left and right) each side has an upper chamber (atrium) and a lower chamber (ventricle)
4.The circulatory System is connected to all other systems in the body.
Types of Blood Vessels
Veins: carry blood towards the heart (the blood is oxygen poor except for the blood in the Pulmonary vein)
Arteries: carry blood away from the heart (the blood is oxygen rich except for the blood in the Pulmonary Artery).
Capillaries: very tiny blood vessels. Valuable nutrients are exchanged between the capillaries and your cells.
Blood– is a tissue made up of cells and cell parts that are carried in a liquid (plasma).
Functions of blood:
- Oxygen is carried to all parts of your body and carries carbon dioxide to the lungs to be exhaled.
- Waste products from your cells are taken to your kidneys to be removed.
- Nutrients are taken to the cells.
- Fight infection.
Parts of Blood
Plasma- the liquid part of blood that makes up over half the volume of blood. Plasma carries nutrients, waste products, oxygen and minerals to the body cells.
Red blood cells–do not have nuclei but contain hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a molecule that carries carbon dioxide and oxygen. Function: Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the cells.
White blood cells – Help fight disease and have a nuclei,Function: fight infections by leaving the blood through the capillary walls and going to the tissue that has be damaged.
Platelets- irregular shape cell fragments.Function: helps stop bleeding by plugging holes in small blood vessels.
Excretory System
Excretory System – removes excess water, H2O, urea, carbon dioxide, CO2, and other wastes from our blood.
Some organs belong to more than one system.
•Skin – excretes water, as sweat, which contains some trace chemical wastes, including urea.
•Lungs – filter out carbon dioxide, CO2, from the blood.
•Large intestine - removes solid, undigested food from the body after it passes through the digestive system.
Urinary System: Part of the Excretory system
Kidneys – filter wastes and excess water from the blood.
Ureters – tubes that take urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
Urinary Bladder – a sack that stores urine.
Urethra– small tube that leads urine out of the body.
Endocrine System
The endocrine system is a complex collection of hormone-producing glands that control basic body functions such as metabolism, mood, growth and sexual development.
It is made of glands that secrete hormones directly into your bloodstream
These hormones cause changes in your body
•A hormone is a “chemical messenger”
–A chemical that delivers a message
•Hormones are made in the glands of your endocrine system and secreted into your blood
•They travel through your blood until they reach specialtarget cells
Nervous System
Structure: Nerves, spinal cord, neurons, brain
Function: The nervous system is like an information highway. It is responsible for controlling all the functions and movements in the body and allows you to respond to changes in your environment.
Your spinal cord is made of bundles of neurons that carry electrical impulses from all parts of the body to the brain and from the brain to all parts of your body. The joints between vertebrae are called gliding joints, where one part of a bone slides over another bone.
All of the different structures in the Nervous System work together to maintain homeostasis
Digestive System
Digestion involves: Digestion is both physical (chewing) and chemical (enzymes). The digestive system is where the body gets its nutrients. Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules so that they can pass through wall (membrane) of the digestive system. Materials can pass through this wall/ membrane, much like air can pass through a screen on a window but insects cannot.
Mouth: Mechanical digestion - Teeth bite off and chew food into a soft pulp that is easy to swallow. Chemical digestion – saliva
Esophagus: The esophagus is a muscular tube. It takes food from the throat and pushes it down through the neck, and into the stomach. It moves food by waves of muscle contraction called peristalsis.
Stomach:The stomach has thick muscles in its wall. This contract to mash the food into a water soup called chyme. The stomach lining produces strong digestive juices. (chemical digestion)
Small Intestine: The nutrients are broken down small enough to pass through the lining of the small intestine, and into the blood. Nutrients are carried away to the liver and other body parts to be processed, stored and distributed. (chemical digestion)
Large Intestine:Water is absorbed.The remains are formed into brown, semi-solid feces, ready to be removed from the body.
Rectum:Rectum’s job to receive stool from the colon, to let the person know that there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens.
Anus: It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid. The anus is surrounded by sphincter muscles that control of movement of stool.
Organs of the Endocrine system that help with digestion:
Liver:It stores some nutrients, and releases them into the blood according to the activities and needs of the body (helps the body maintain homeostasis) (chemical digestion)
Gall Bladder:Bile (enzyme) flows from the gall bladder along the bile duct into the intestine to aid in chemical digestion. (chemical digestion)
Pancreas:Makes digestive juices called enzymes which help to digest food. (chemical digestion)
Respiratory System
Function: To bring O2 to into the body and cells and remove CO2 from the body and cells.
Steps:1. Oxygen is supplied to the body (Breathing)
2. Oxygen goes from the lung to the circulatory system (blood)
3 Blood takes oxygen to the cells
4. Oxygen is delivered to the cell
5. Carbon dioxide (waste product) put back into the blood
6. Blood takes waste products back to the lungs to be exhaled
Structures of the Respiratory System:
Nasal Cavity -Air enters the body through the nostrils (your nose) most of the time. It is linedwith a ciliated mucus membrane which filters, warms, and moistens the air.
Pharynx -Where the oral cavity (your mouth) and the nasal cavity (your nose) meet.
When you breathe through your mouth, air enters the pharynx.
Trachea -The main airway in the human respiratory system. It contains rings of a tough tissue (cartilage) which keep the trachea open.
Larynx - Also known as the voice box. It is made of cartilage and is located at the upper end of the trachea. When air passes over it, it vibrates
Epiglottis - A flap of tissue that covers the trachea when you swallow so food
doesn't enter
Bronchi -Two tubes that branch off the trachea. The bronchi are ringed with
cartilage. Each bronchus extends to the lungs where the tubes become smaller.
Alveoli-Oxygen leaves the alveoli, enters the red blood cells and is returned to the heart to be pumped to all your body cells. Carbon dioxide is exhaled when you breatheout. The lungs are made of about 300 million of these tiny air sacs. When you breathe in air fills the alveoli.
Breathing and Air Pressure
When you inhale, the diaphragm contracts and expands the chest cavity. This lowers the pressure in the chest cavity below the outside air pressure and causes air to flow in through the airways. The air goes from high pressure (outside of the body) to low pressure (empty lungs) and inflates the lungs. When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and the chest cavity gets smaller. The decrease in volume of the cavity increases the pressure in the chest cavity above the outside air pressure. Air from the lungs (high pressure) then flows out of the airways to the outside air (low pressure). The cycle then repeats with each breath.
Muscular System
Function: For movement of the body
Muscle Movement - Involuntary- Automatically move without you knowing. Voluntary- Brain sends message to muscle. You control the movements.
Types of Muscles –
Smooth Muscles- include the muscles of internal organs and blood vessels. These muscles move involuntary. Cardiac Muscle- Found only in the heart and also involuntary.
Skeletal Muscles- Are voluntary and help you move.
Skeletal System
Structures: bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
Functions:
1. Gives Shape and support to the body
2. Protect your internal organs
3. Major muscles attach to bones to help you move
4. Blood cells are formed in the bone. (The tissue called marrow)
5. Store calcium and phosphorous compounds
Cartilage: covers the end of the bones. It is flexible and acts like a shock absorber.
Tendon – connect muscle to bone
Ligament – connect bone to bone
Integumentary/ Skin System
Function
- Protection -keeps microorganisms from getting into your body and protects you from environmental hazards like chemicals and radiation
2. Maintain body temperature by sweating
3. Maintains moisture so organs don’t dry out
4. Sense organ…allows us to feel our surroundings
5. Vitamin D Absorption
Homeostasis
Homeostasis describes an environment that supports the survival of cells. All of your body's systems work together to maintain homeostasis inside of your body. Homeostasis is achieved by making sure the temperature, pH (acidity), and oxygen levels (and many other factors) are set just right for your cells to survive. Examples of Homeostasis: Stimulus – You are hot. Response – You sweat.
Stimulus: any change in an organism’s environment that causes to the organism to react. It is a fancy way of saying “cause”.
Response: how the organism reacts to a stimulus and results in a change in behavior. It is a fancy way of saying “effect”.