Electronic Supplementary Material

Supplement 1—size measurement of Neogondolella of Bed 24c-e

Statistics of conodonts (Table 1) were taken from our laboratory.Because the conodont Neogondolella species are the same in beds 24c, d, and e, the length measurements of complete individuals were taken at random. Original measurement data of the size distribution of Neogodolella are presented in Tables 1-3 and Q histogram. Size average (X) is based on Equation 1

X= 1/N∑fiyi

where X is average size, N the total number of individuals, f the ranked size, and y the number of individuals in each ranked size.

Table 1 Size of NeogondolellaPa element in B-24c (33 individuals)

Size (mm) / Number of individuals / Size (mm) / Number of individuals
0.1 / 1 / 0.8 / 4
0.2 / 2 / 0.9 / 2
0.3 / 2 / 1.0 / 1
0.4 / 0 / 1.1 / 3
0.5 / 2 / 1.2 / 0
0.6 / 5 / 1.3 / 1
0.7 / 10 / 1.4 / 0

Table 2 Size of NeogondolellaPa element in B-24d (206 individuals)

Size (mm) / Number of individuals / Size (mm) / Number of individuals
0.1 / 5 / 0.8 / 32
0.2 / 12 / 0.9 / 22
0.3 / 13 / 1.0 / 13
0.4 / 14 / 1.1 / 10
0.5 / 24 / 1.2 / 2
0.6 / 21 / 1.3 / 4
0.7 / 32 / 1.5 / 2

Table 3 Size of NeogondolellaPa element in B-24e (152 individuals)

Size (mm) / Number of individuals / Size (mm) / Number of individuals
0.1 / 1 / 0.8 / 18
0.2 / 17 / 0.9 / 6
0.3 / 29 / 1.0 / 7
0.4 / 17 / 1.1 / 2
0.5 / 21 / 1.2 / 2
0.6 / 23 / 1.3 / 1
0.7 / 7 / 1.4 / 1

Q histogram of the size measurement of Neogondolella in Bed 24c-e

Supplement 2-Stratigraphic Description of Liangfengya Section

Lower Yinkeng Formation (uppermost Changhsingian and lower Induan)

49-50. Intercalation of yellowish green thin-bedded marl and yellowish brown calcareous mudstone. It yields bivalves:Claraia griesbachi, C.hunanica, C. stachei; brachiopod:Lingula tenuissima var. sinensis. 1.40m

46-48. Intercalation of yellowish green thin-bedded marl and papery yellowish green calcareous mudstone. It yields bivalves: Claraia sp.,Eumorphotis inaequicostata, Leptochondria minima; brachiopods: Crurithyrisspeciosa, Lingula subcircularis; conodonts: Hindeodus parvus, Ellisoniateicherti, Hibbardella sp.,Isarcicella sichuanensis. FAD of Hindeodus parvus,the index fossil of Permo-Triassic boundary is somewhere within Bed 46, thus this bed is partly Triassic and partly Permian. 0.56m

45. Yellowish brown claybed bearing calcite crystals, belong to Yinkeng Formation but already Permian. 0.04m

Upper Changxing Formation (upper Changhsingian)

44. Light grey argillaceous limestone bearing pyrite crystals. It yields brachiopod: Crurithyris sp.; conodont: Ellisoniateicherti. 0.l5m

43.Yellowish white calcareous mudstone and claybed. 0.06m 42. Greenish grey argillaceous limestone bearing pyrite crystals. It yields fusulinids: Palaeofusuliua sp., Reichelina cf.tenuissima; brachiopods: Cathaysia parvulia, Crurithyris speciosa, C. pusilla, Paracrurithyris pigmaea; non-fusulinid forams: Robuloides acutus, Geinitzina spindeli, G. cf. caucasica, Nodosaria netchajewi subquadrata 0.19m

41. Upper part—yellowish white claybed, lower part—yellowish grey calcareous mudstone bearing brachiopods: Cathaysia chonetoides, Hustedia indica, Spinamarginifera sp., Uncinunellina sp.

0.08m

40. light grey thin-bedded limestone bearing pyrite crystals. It yields fusulinids: Palaeofusulina sp., Reichelina changhsingensis, R. tenuissima, R. simplex huayingshanensis, R. criboseptata, R. sp., Nankinella sp.; ammonoid: Pseudogastrioceras sp.; brachiopods: Compressoproductus sp., Crurithyris pusilla, C. speciosa, Hustedia indica,Oldhamina decipiens var. regularis, Spinmnarginifera sp., Uncinunellina sp., Waagenoconcha abichi; coral:Lophophyllidium pendulum; conodonts: Hindeodus minutus, Ellisonia teicherti, Clarkina beifengjingensis, C. carinata, C. deflecta, C.subcarinata changxingensis, C.zhongliangshanensis, Hibbardella sp., Lonchodina mulleri, Oncedellasp., Prioniodella "prioniodellides", Xaniognathus elongatus; non-fusulinid forams: Robuloides acutus, Nodosaria acera, N. cf. longissima, N. sp., Pseudoglandulina ovata; bryozoans.

0.08m

39. Yellow claybed. 0.04m

38. Grey medium-bedded limestone bearing pyrite crystals. It yields fusulinids: Reichelina simplex, R. tenuissima, R. cribroseptata, R. huayingshanensis, Palaeofusulina nana; conodonts: Enantiognathus ziegleri, Clarkina deflecta, C. subcarinata changxingensis; corals: Lophophyllidium pendulum; brachiopods: Hustedia indica, Leptodus tenuis, Marginifera morrisi, Neochonetes sp., Oldhamina sp., Spinomarginifera sp., U ncinunellina theobaldi, Waagenoconcha abichi; non-fusulinid forams: Robuloides acutus, Pseudoglandulina ovata, Pachyphloia sp., Nodosaria ex. gr.spandeli, N. acera, N. mirabilis. 0.26m

37. Yellowish white claybed bearing calcareous nodules and lens. It yields fusulinids: Palaeofusulina sinensis, P. nana, P. wangi, Reichelina changhsingensis, R. huayingshanensis; conodonts: Diplododella sp., Clarkina carinata, C. deflecta, C. subcarinata changxingensis; cephalopods: Linometacoceras sp., Lopingoceras sp., Pseudotirolitessp.; gastropod: Naticopsis sp.; brachiopods:Hustedia indica, Neoplicatiferamultispinosa, Orthothetina sp., Spinomarginifea sp., Uncinunellina theobaldi, Waagenites soochowensis; coral: Lophophyllidium proliferum; non-fusulinid forams:Palaeotextularia grandis, Pachyphloia sp., Nodosaria sp., Lituotubasp. 0.14m

36. Light grey to grey medium-bedded limestone bearing chert nodules. It yields Hindeodus sp., Clarkina carinata, C. snbcarinata changxingensis; corals:Lophophyllidium pendulum, L. proliferum, Paracaninia sinensis; fusulinidsNankinella minor, N. sp., Palaeofusulina nana, P. sinensis, P. wangi, Reichelina changhsingensis, R. simplex, Codonofusiella sp., Eoverbeekina sp.; non-fusulinid forams: Colaniella cf. nana, C. lepida, C. sp., Pachyphloia ovata, P. linae, P. lanceolata, P. sp., Robuloides acutus, R. sp., Nodosaria longissima, N. netchajewisubquadrata, Pseudocolaniella sp., Frondicularia palmata, Palaeotextularia sp., Cribrogenerina sp;brachiopods: Cathaysia orbicularis, Enteletina transversa, Leptodus tennis, Meekellakueichowensis, M.sp., Marginifera sp., Lissorhynchia pseudoutah, Notothyriswarthi, Oldhamina decipiens var.regularis, O. sp., Orthothetina frechi. Parachonetella zhongyingensis, Enteletina zigzag, Spiriferella sp., Squamulariasp., Uncinunellina theobaldi; gastropods: Soleniscus sp. 0.08m

35. Light medium-bedded limestone. It yields corals:Lophophyllidium pendulum; fusulinids: Palaeofusulina sinensis, P. nana, P. typica, P. cf.fusiformis,Reichelina changhsingensis, R. simplex, R, cribroseptata, Parananlingellasp.; brachiopods: Orthothetina sp., Enteletina sp., Squamularia squamularoides, S.sp., Uncinunellina sp., U. theobaldi 0.43m