Table S1: Individual characteristics and rearing history

Mother: ID of mother if in the same group.

Rearing: mother = reared by chimpanzee mother in captivity; nursery = reared with infant peers by human caretakers before introduction to group; human reared = reared in human home, thus probably human ‘enculturated’; wildborn = born in wild, first noted in captivity aged three years; unknown = acquired from another institution, earliest history not recorded. Models are marked by an asterisk. Group Poke had been living together for 25 years, Group Lift for 12 years.

Group / ID / Name /

Sex

/
Age
/ Mother / Rearing
Poke / GG * / Georgia / F / 24 / BO / Mother
Poke / KT / Katie / F / 15 / GG / Mother
Poke / SK / Socko / M / 17 / Mother
Poke / RN / Reinette / F / 17 / Mother
Poke / TA / Tara / F / 9 / RI / Mother
Poke / RI / Rita / F / 17 / BO / Mother
Poke / MS / Missy / F / 11 / Mother
Poke / LZ / Liza / F / 10 / GG / Mother
Poke / BJ / Bjorn / M / 16 / AJ / Mother
Poke / RT / Rhett / M / 15 / Mother
Poke / DN / Donna / F / 14 / PE / Mother
Poke / AJ / Anja / F / 24 / Mother
Poke / BO / Borie / F / 40 / Unknown
Poke / CL / Claus / M / 12 / Mother
Poke / PE / Peonie / F / 36 / Wildborn
Poke / MA / Mai / F / 32 / Unknown
Poke / AZ / Azalea / F / 7 / PE / Mother
Lift / ER * / Ericka / F / 31 / Human reared
Lift / AM / Amos / M / 23 / Mother
Lift / CY / Cynthia / F / 24 / Mother
Lift / RD / Reid / M / 11 / CY / Mother
Lift / VV / Vivienne / F / 30 / Nursery
Lift / ST / Steward / M / 11 / VV / Mother
Lift / DA / Daisy / F / 15 / TI / Mother
Lift / JL / Julianne / F / 6 / TI / Mother
Lift / KE / Kerri / F / 9 / WG / Mother
Lift / MG / Magnum / M / 15 / Nursery
Lift / CP / Chip / M / 15 / Nursery
Lift / SN / Sean / M / 12 / BB / Mother
Lift / JA / Jaimie / F / 9 / ER / Mother
Lift / TI / Tai / F / 37 / Unknown
Lift / BB / Barbie / F / 28 / Mother
Lift / VR / Virginia / F / 13 / ER / Mother
Lift / WG / Waga / F / 22 / Mother
Control / SH / Sheila / F / 32 / Mother
Control / BF / Buffy / F / 20 / Mother
Control / KV / Kevin / M / 14 / Mother
Control / SM / Sam / M / 22 / Mother
Control / CS / Cissy / F / 28 / Nursery
Control /

TR

/ Travis / M / 15 / Mother