Chordate Objectives: This is a guideline to help you with the final. This is a guideline; you are responsible for everything covered in class. Good Luck!

Ch. 23 Objectives

1.  List the five hallmark chordate characteristics and relate the function of each.

2.  Explain why chordates are considered a deuterostome rather than a protostome group.

3.  Discuss the characteristics of larval and adult tunicates.

4.  Explain what the amphioxus is.

5.  Compare and contrast the filter–feeding apparatus of the sea squirts and lancelets.

6.  List three groups of adaptations that guided vertebrate evolution, and explain how each has contributed to the success of vertebrates.

7.  Distinguish between ostracoderms and placoderms.

8.  Describe the evolution of the vertebrate jaw.

Ch. 24

1.  Briefly describe the fishes “hallmark” characteristics that distinguish them from all other animals.

2.  List the characteristics that distinguish hagfishes and lampreys from all other fishes.

3.  Describe feeding behavior of hagfishes and lampreys.

4.  Discuss the life cycle of sea lampreys.

5.  Explain why sharks are well equipped for a predatory life habit. Include their style of teeth.

6.  Describe the function of the lateral line system, and ampullae of Lorenzini.

7.  Explain the electric organ of a ray.

8.  Explain how bony fishes differ from sharks and rays in the following systems or features: skeleton, scales, buoyancy, and reproduction.

9.  Construct a cladogram that includes the following groups of fishes: hagfishes, lampreys, sharks, ray-finned fish, lobe-finned fish, and lungfishes. Add the separating characteristics from one group to the next.

10.  Explain how lungfish differ in their ability to survive out of water.

11.  Describe how sharks and bony fishes approach or achieve neutral buoyancy.

12.  Know the role and appearance of gill rakers and gill filaments.

13.  Compare and contrast catadromous and anadromous. What animals experience each type?

14.  List and explain all reproductive methods of fish.

15.  Know the internal and external anatomy of the Perch and Shark.

Ch. 25

1.  Discuss how the characteristic differences between aquatic and terrestrial environments influenced the evolution of tetrapods.

2.  Describe the different modes of respiration used by amphibians.

3.  Describe the theory on how and why life moved from the water to land.

4.  Briefly discuss the characteristics of the Caecilians. Why is it an amphibian?

5.  Explain the characteristics and life cycle of a salamander.

6.  Briefly compare and contrast reproductive behavior in frogs (anura) and salamanders (caudata).

7.  Explain the importance of paedomorphosis and list the animals that experience it.

8.  Describe the integument of a frog, including glands.

9.  Describe amphibian respiration.

10.  Know the structure of an amphibian heart.

11.  Explain how the sensory structures are adapted for an amphibian life on land.

12.  Know the internal and external anatomy of the frog.

13.  Be familiar with thyroxin and the changes it makes on tadpoles.

Ch. 26

1.  Describe and structure and function of the four membranes associated with the amniotic egg.

2.  Know what animals are classified as amniotes.

3.  Be familiar with the different skull types and how they are use to classify amniotes.

4.  Describe the function of the lateral temporal openings in the skull.

5.  List reasons why reptiles are better suited for life on land.

6.  Relate the principal structural features of turtles that would distinguish them from any other nonavian reptile order.

7.  Know the carapace and plastron of the turtle.

8.  Explain how nest temperature affects egg development in turtles and crocodiles.

9.  What does a kinetic skull mean?

10.  Know the different suborders in the order squamata.

11.  Compare and contrast the special senses of snakes and lizards, including Jacobson’s organ and the “pit” of pit vipers.

12.  Explain how snakes and crocodilians breathe when their mouths are full of food.

13.  Describe the structure of fangs and the venom glands. Know the two different toxins released.

14.  Describe the 4 methods a snake uses to move.

15.  Explain why tuataras are of special interest to biologists.

16.  List the structural and behavioral ways that crocodilians differ from other living nonavian reptiles.

Ch. 27

1.  Explain the significance of the discovery of Archaeopteryx.

2.  Outline the special adaptations of birds that contribute to two essentials for flight: more power and less weight.

3.  Discuss how a bird's eyes, and nervous system are specialized for the demands of flight. What senses are not strong in a bird?

4.  Describe four basic forms of bird wings and relate how wing shape correlates with flight speed and maneuverability.

5.  Describe different navigational resources birds may use in long–distance migration.

6.  List the parts of a feather and know how why preening is so important.

7.  Be familiar with what scientists learn from different beaks and feet in birds.

8.  Describe why a bird has the best respiratory system.

9.  Explain the bird’s digestive system and how it is unique to other animals.

10.  Describe the female reproductive system.

11.  Explain why monogamy is more common among birds than mammals.

12.  Describe different relationships among birds.

13.  Define the terms precocial and altricial as they relate to birds.

14.  Indicate how human activities have affected bird populations.

Ch. 28

1.  Discuss the hallmark traits of mammals.

2.  Describe the location and principal functions of sweat glands, scent glands, sebaceous glands, and mammary glands.

3.  Define mammalian dentition and how it varies from other animals.

4.  Explain the different hair types found in mammals.

5.  Describe the process of antler production.

6.  Explain the relationship between body mass and metabolic rate in mammals.

7.  Explain how digestive tracts and skulls vary with feeding specializations.

8.  Explain echolocation and migration in mammals.

9.  Describe and distinguish patterns of reproduction in monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals.

10.  Explain the benefits and downfalls of long and short gestation periods.

11.  List the anatomical characteristics that set primates apart from other mammals.

12.  Describe the differences in old-world monkeys, new-world monkeys, and apes.

13.  Discuss the significance of the discovery of the fossil named "Lucy" in the reconstruction of human evolutionary history.

14.  Be familiar with mammal senses and ability of mice.

15.  Know all internal and external parts of the fetal pig.