Supplementary material 5
Table 4
Effect size analysis of studies/treatment conditions examining the efficacy of psychological treatment on PTSD, depressive, and anxiety symptoms in PTSD patients
Author, Publication year / Type of treatment / Intent to treat (ITT) data / Outcome variables / Pre-postHedge´s g / 95%
Confidence Interval / p-value
Ahmad et al. (2007)[1] / EMDR vs. WL / ITT / PTSD / .07 / -.6 -.73 / .84
Ahrens & Rexford (2002) / CPT / PTSD / 1.25 / .63 -1.87 / .00
Anderson et al. (2010) / Emotion focused therapy vs. active CG / PTSD / .26 / -.47-.98 / .48
Barath, Stuvland, & Kuterovac-Jagodic (1996) / Creative-Program / PTSD / .2 / .03 -.37 / .02
Berger, Pat-Horenczyk, & Gelkopf (2007) / School Program vs. WL / PTSD / 1.39 / 1.02 -1.75 / .00
Anxiety / 1.23 / .87 -1.59 / .00
Berger & Gelkopf (2009) / School Program vs. WL / PTSD / 1.10 / .78 -1.43 / .00
Depression / .65 / .34 -.96 / .00
Berger, Gelkopf, & Heineberg (2012) / School Program vs. WL / PTSD / .99 / .64 -1.35 / .00
Anxiety / 1.23 / .87 -1.59 / .00
Berkowitz, Stover, & Marans (2011)[2] / Family program vs. supportive / PTSD / 4.53 / 3.81 -5.25 / .00
Anxiety / 5.35 / 4.53 -6.16 / .00
Brown et al. (2006) / School-based program/CBT / ITT / PTSD / .83 / .43 -1.24 / .00
Depression / .30 / -.05 -.65 / .09
Anxiety / .12 / -.22 -.47 / .48
Cain et al. (2010) / Psych. first aid / PTSD / .22 / .03-.42 / .03
Catani et al. (2009) / KIDNET vs. Meditation-relaxation / PTSD / .14 / -.55 -.82 / .7
CATS consotium (2010) / TF-CBT / PTSD / .85 / .74 -0.97 / .00
CATS consotium (2010a) / Brief CBT skills group / PTSD / .79 / .58 -1.0 / .00
Carrion et al. (2013) / Integrative therapy vs. WL / ITT / PTSD / .72 / .22 -1.22 / .01
Depression / .56 / .06 -1.05 / .03
Anxiety / .55 / .05 -1.05 / .03
Celano et al. (1996) / Theoretically based. structured treatment/ CBT vs. TAU / PTSD / .35 / -.34 -1.03 / .32
Chemtob et al. (2002)[3] / EMDR vs. WL / PTSD
Depression
Anxiety
Cohen & Mannarino (1997) / CBT vs. TAU / PTSD / .53 / -.1 -1.15 / .1
Cohen, Mannarino, & Knudsen (2004) / CBT-CTG / PTSD / 1.03 / .64 -1.42 / .00
Depression / .61 / .27 -0.96 / .00
Anxiety / 1.18 / .77 -1.59 / .00
Cohen et al. (2004) / TF-CBT vs. Child centered therapy / PTSD / .62 / .32 -.92 / .00
Depression / .14 / -.15 -.43 / .33
Cohen, Mannarino, & Knudsen (2005)[4] / TF-CBT vs. TAU / ITT / PTSD / .23 / -.20 -.66 / .30
Depression / .72 / .28 -1.17 / .00
Anxiety / .47 / .04 -.91 / .03
Cohen et al. (2007) / TF-CBT / PTSD / 1.03 / 0.49-1.57 / .00
Cohen, Mannarino, & Iyengar (2011) / TF-CBT vs. Child centered therapy / ITT / PTSD / .40 / .05 -.76 / .03
Depression / .28 / -.08 -.63 / .13
Anxiety / .47 / .12 -.83 / .01
Coulter (2000) / Song writing vs. active CG / PTSD / 1.08 / .13 -2.05 / .03
Danielson et al. (2010) / Risk Reduction Through Family Therapy / ITT / PTSD / 1.73 / .1 -2.46 / .00
Depression / 1.36 / .73 -2.00 / .00
Danielson et al. (2012) / Risk Reduction Through Family Therapy vs. TAU / ITT / PTSD / .76 / .04 -1.48 / .04
Depression / .93 / .19 -1.66 / .01
Deblinger, McLeer, & Henry (1990) / CBT / PTSD / 2.54 / 1.81 -3.27 / .00
Deblinger, Lippman, & Steer (1996) / CBT vs. standard community care/Psychoeducation / PTSD / .11 / -.46 -.68 / .71
Depression / .32 / -.25 -.9 / .27
Anxiety / .32 / -.26 -.89 / .28
Deblinger,
Stauffer, & Steer (2001) / CBT vs. supportive therapy / PTSD / .01 / -.57 -.59 / .98
DeRoos et al. (2011)[5] / EMDR / ITT / PTSD / 1.31 / .91 -1.71 / .00
Depression / 1.03 / .67 -1.39 / .00
Anxiety / 1.21 / .88 -1.59 / .00
DeRoos et al. (2011)[6] / CBT / ITT / PTSD / 1.3 / .84 -1.76 / .00
Depression / 1.09 / .72 -1.46 / .00
Anxiety / .74 / .41 -1.07 / .00
Dietz, Davis, & Pennings (2012) / No Dogs
CBT / PTSD / .28 / .01 -.54 / .04
Depression / .21 / -.06 -.48 / .12
Anxiety / .09 / -.17 -.35 / .50
Dietz, Davis, & Pennings (2012a) / Dogs / PTSD / .34 / .14 -.54 / .00
Depression / .45 / .25 -.65 / .00
Anxiety / .20 / .01 -.4 / .05
Dietz, Davis, & Pennings (2012b) / Dogs & Stories / PTSD / .8 / .57 -1.02 / .00
Depression / .72 / .50 -.93 / .00
Anxiety / .72 / .50 -.93 / .00
Ehntholt, Smith, & Yule (2005) / CBT vs. WL / PTSD / 1.32 / .49 -2.16 / .00
Ellis (2013) / Program (trauma systems therapy) / PTSD / 1.92 / 1.05 -2.79 / .00
Depression / 1.24 / .57 -1.91 / .00
Ertl et al. (2011) / KIDNET vs. WL / ITT / PTSD / .66 / .13 -1.19 / .02
Depression / .36 / -.16 -.88 / .17
Farkas et al.(2010) / EMDR vs. WL / PTSD / 1.09 / .43 -1.74 / .00
Depression / 1.24 / .57 -1.90 / .00
Anxiety / .91 / .27 -1.55 / .01
Foa et al. (2013) / Prolonged exposure vs. supportive counseling / ITT / PTSD / 1.01 / .48-1.54 / .00
Depression / 1.4 / 1.01 -1.76 / .00
Ford et al. (2012) / Trauma Affect Regulation: A Guide for Education and Therapy (TARGET) vs. TAU / PTSD / .55 / -.04 -1.13 / .07
Depression / .10 / -.47 -.68 / .73
Anxiety / .36 / -.22 -.93 / .23
Gelkopf & Berger (2009) / School program vs. WL / PTSD / .14 / -.24 -.52 / .48
Depression / .83 / .43-1.22 / .00
Giannopoulou, Dikaiakou, & Yule (2006) / CBT / PTSD / 3.44 / 2.42 -4.46 / .00
Depression / 1.98 / 1.32 -2.64 / .00
Gordon et al. (2004) / School program /mind based / PTSD / 1.67 / 1.31 -2.03 / .00
Gordon et al. (2008) / School program /mind based vs. WL / PTSD / 1.52 / 1.02 -2.01 / .00
Gilboa-Schechtman et al. (2010) / Prolonged Exposure Therapy /CBT vs. Time limited dynamic therapy / ITT / PTSD / .91 / .26 -1.57 / .01
Depression / .81 / .16 -1.45 / .02
Glodich (2000) (Diss) / Psychoeducation vs. WL / ITT / PTSD / .28 / -.28 -.85 / .33
Goenjian et al. (1997) / School based Mental Health Intervention Program/ -> CBT vs. no treatment / PTSD / 2.21 / 1.59 -2.83 / .00
Depression / 1.31 / .77 -1.85 / .00
Grefe (Diss) (2012) / TF-CBT + parent training / PTSD / .93 / .27 -1.6 / .01
Depression / .14 / -.39 -.66 / .61
Gupta & Zimmer (2008) / Psychosocial / PTSD / 1.18 / .97-1.27 / .00
Habigzang et al. (2009) / CBT / PTSD / .94 / .66 -1.23 / .00
Depression / .43 / .18 -.67 / .00
Anxiety / .77 / .5 -1.04 / .00
Habigzang et al. (2013) / CBT / PTSD / .93 / .67 -1.19 / .00
Depression / .44 / .22 -.67 / .00
Anxiety / .81 / .56 -1.05 / .00
Hamama et al. (2011) / Animal vs. no treatment / PTSD / .80 / -.11 -1.72 / .09
Depression / .64 / -.26 -1.55 / .17
Hartmann (Diss) (2011) / CBT / PTSD / .64 / .27 -1.6 / .01
Depression / .09 / -.29 -.47 / .64
Hsu (2003) / Psychoeducation / PTSD / .55 / .27 -.83 / .00
Depression / .36 / .09 -.63 / .01
Anxiety / .46 / .19 -.74 / .00
Jaberghaderi et al. (2004) / CBT / PTSD / 1.91 / .99 -2.83 / .00
Jaberghaderi et al. (2004) / EMDR / PTSD / .95 / .32 -1.58 / .00
Jarero et al. (2008) / EMDR / PTSD / 1.72 / 1.14 -2.31 / .00
Jaycox et al. (2009) / CBITS vs. WL / PTSD / .38 / .13 -.63 / .00
Depression / .25 / .01 -.49 / .04
Jaycox et al. (2010) / CBITS/CBT / ITT / PTSD / .7 / .48 -.92 / .00
Depression / .42 / .21 -.62 / .00
Jaycox. et al. (2010a) / TF-CBT / ITT / PTSD / 1.06 / .57 -1.55 / .00
Depression / .42 / .02 -.82 / .04
Jensen et al. (2013)[7] / TF-CBT vs. TAU / ITT / PTSD / .59 / .22 -.96 / .00
Depression / .76 / .39 -1.13 / .00
Anxiety / .45 / .09 -.82 / .02
Jordans et al. (2010) / School program
vs. WL / ITT / PTSD / .01 / -.21 -.23 / .92
Depression / .72 / .49 -.94 / .00
Anxiety / .41 / .19 -.63 / .00
Kataoka et al. (2003) / CBT vs. WL / PTSD / .49 / .16 -.88 / .00
Depression / .45 / .12 -.78 / .01
Kazak et al. (2004) / Surviving cancer completely program /CBT vs. WL / PTSD / .1 / -.22 -.42 / .55
Kemp et al. (2009) / EMDR vs. WL / PTSD / .1 / -.64 -.83 / .79
Depression / .17 / -.57 -.91 / .65
Kemp et al. (2014) / Animal / PTSD / 3.36 / 2.36 -4.37 / .00
Depression / 1.23 / .73 -1.74 / .00
Anxiety / 1.67 / 1.08 -2.27 / .00
King et al. (2000) / CBT vs. WL / ITT / PTSD / 1.59 / .69 -2.48 / .00
Depression / .30 / -.48 -1.08 / .45
Anxiety / .55 / -.24 -1.34 / .17
King et al. (2000) / CBT vs. WL / ITT / PTSD / 1.67 / .77 -2.58 / .00
Depression / .56 / -.23 -1.34 / .17
Anxiety / .30 / -.48 -1.08 / .45
Kjellgren.Svedin, & Nilsson (2013) / CPC-CBT Combined Parent Child CBT Intervention / PTSD / .53 / .22 -.85 / .00
Depression / .64 / .31 -.96 / .00
Kolko, Baumann, & Caldwell (2003) / Program / PTSD / .15 / -.25 -.54 / .47
Depression / .33 / -.08 -.74 / .11
Kolko, Iselin, & Gully (2011) / CBT / PTSD / .48 / .26 -.70 / .00
Depression / .43 / .21 -.64 / .00
Anxiety / .48 / .26 -.7 / .00
Krakow et al. (2001) / Imagery rehearsal therapy vs. no treatment / PTSD / .09 / -.77 -.95 / .84
Lange & Ruwaard (2010) / CBT-Web / ITT / PTSD / 1.15 / .76 -1.54 / .00
Depression / 1.02 / .65 -1.4 / .00
Lange-Nielsen et al. (2012) / Writing vs. WL / PTSD / .05 / -.30 -.40 / .78
Depression / 1.49 / 1.1 -1.89 / .00
Anxiety / .28 / -.08 -.63 / .12
Layne et al. (2001) / Trauma/Grief-Focused Therapy vs. Active CG: Trauma-Focused Therapy / PTSD / .41 / -.12 -.93 / .13
Depression / .13 / -.4 -.65 / .63
Layne et al. (2008) / School program vs. active CG / PTSD / .62 / .26 -.97 / .00
Depression / .59 / .23 -.95 / .00
Lesmana et al. (2009) / Hypnosis assisted therapy vs. No treatment / PTSD / .45 / .13 -.77 / .01
Linning (2007) (Diss) / Integrative Therapy / PTSD / .44 / .23 -.64 / .00
Lyshak-Stelzer et al. (2007)[8] / Art vs. TAU / PTSD / 6.31 / 4.54 -8.08 / .00
Lytle et al. (2002) / EMDR vs. active CG / PTSD / .46 / -.25 -1.17 / .20
Depression / .06 / -.64 -.76 / .87
Anxiety / .35 / -.36 -1.05 / .33
Matulis et al. (2013) / CPT / ITT / PTSD / 1.08 / .56 -1.61 / .00
Depression / .92 / .42 -1.41 / .00
McClatchey. Vonk, & Palardy (2009) / Psychosocial vs. WL / PTSD / .33 / -.13 -.80 / .16
McCullough (2012)(Diss) / Animal / PTSD / .38 / -.06 -.82 / .09
McMullen et al. (2013) / TF-CBT vs. WL / ITT / PTSD / 3.10 / 2.27 -3.94 / .00
Misurell, Springer, & Tryon (2011) / Game-Based-CBT / PTSD / .27 / -.09 -.63 / .14
Depression / .46 / .09 -.84 / .01
Anxiety / .51 / .13 -.88 / .01
Misurell et al. (2013) / Game-Based-CBT / PTSD / .3 / .01 -.58 / .04
Möhlen (2005) / Psychosocial / PTSD / .58 / .10 -1.06 / .02
Depression / .54 / .07 -1.017 / .03
Anxiety / .34 / -.11 -.8 / .14
Nilsson & Wadsby (2010) / katathym imaginative psychotherapy / PTSD / 1.19 / .69 -1.69 / .00
Depression / 1.53 / .97 -2.1 / .00
Anxiety / 1.30 / .78 -1.82 / .00
Nixon, Sterk, & Pearce (2012) / TF-CBT / ITT / PTSD / 1.33 / .8 -1.8 / .00
Depression / .42 / .06 -.8 / .02
Anxiety / .97 / .54 -1.4 / .00
Nixon, Sterk, &
Pearce (2012) / Cognitive therapy without exposure / ITT / PTSD / .97 / .52 -1.41 / .00
Depression / .23 / -.14 -.56 / .22
Anxiety / .37 / -.01 -.74 / .05
Nolan et al. (2002) / Integrative therapy / PTSD / .66 / .29 -1.03 / .00
Depression / .27 / -.07 -.61 / .12
Anxiety / .52 / .16 -.88 / .00
Nolan et al. (2002a) / Integrative therapy (individual& group) / PTSD / .22 / -.15 -.6 / .25
Depression / .53 / .07 -.99 / .02
Anxiety / .57 / .16 -.97 / .01
O`Callaghan et al. (2013) / TF-CBT vs. WL / ITT / PTSD / 2.74 / 1.99 -3.49 / .00
Anxiety / 2.55 / 1.82 -3.28 / .00
Odell (2010) (Diss) / Art-therapy / PTSD / .22 / -.1 -.53 / .18
Depression / .62 / .28 -.96 / .00
Anxiety / .61 / .26 -.95 / .00
Oras et al. (2004) / EMDR / PTSD / 1.47 / .88 -2.06 / .00
Depression / 1.4 / .82 -1.97 / .00
Ormhaug et al. (2014) / TF-CBT vs. WL / PTSD / .67 / .35 -.99 / .00
Depression / .75 / .43 -1.07 / .00
Anxiety / .41 / .09 -.72 / .01
Overbeek et al. (2013)[9] / Community based intervention program vs. active CG / ITT / PTSD / .42 / -.02 -.86 / .06
Depression / .15 / -.24 -.53 / .45
Pfeffer et al. (2002) / Supportive vs. No treatment / PTSD / .13 / -.59 -.86 / .72
Depression / .36 / -.37 -1.09 / .34
Anxiety / 1.70 / .89 -2.52 / .00
Pifalo (2002) / Art / PTSD / .49 / .07 -.91 / .02
Depression / .42 / .00 -.83 / .05
Anxiety / .44 / .03 -.86 / .04
Pifalo (2006) / Art / PTSD / .66 / .41 -.92 / .00
Depression / .44 / .19 -.68 / .00
Anxiety / .43 / .19 -.68 / .00
Pityaratstianet al. (2007) / CBT-based / PTSD / .04 / -.09 -.16 / .55
Pityarastian et al. (2014) / CBT vs. WL / PTSD / .22 / -.42 -.86 / .50
Qouta et al. (2012) / Psychosocial vs. WL / PTSD / .77 / .59 -.96 / .00
Depression / .00 / -.18 -.18 / 1.00
Raider et al. (2008) / Program-Structured sensory intervention (SITCAP-ART) / PTSD / .62 / .16 -1.08 / .01
Depression / .38 / -.06 -.82 / .09
Anxiety / .54 / .09 -1.0 / .02
Reyes (1996) (Diss) / Play therapy / PTSD / .42 / .18 -.66 / .00
Depression / .44 / .20 -.68 / .00
Anxiety / .22 / -.01 -.45 / .06
Reyes & Asbrand (2005) / Play therapy / PTSD / .64 / .26 -1.02 / .00
Depression / .78 / .38 -1.17 / .00
Anxiety / .78 / .39 -1.17 / .00
Ribchester et al. (2010) / EMDR / ITT / PTSD / 2.30 / 1.45 -3.16 / .00
Depression / .86 / .35 -1.36 / .00
Anxiety / 1.58 / .92 -2.25 / .00
Rivera (Diss) (2008) / Culturally modified TF-CBT / PTSD / 1.11 / -.09 -.63 / .14
Ronan & Johnston (1999) / CBT vs. Exposure and normalizing condition / PTSD / .34 / -.05 -.72 / .09
Ronholt, Karsberg, &
Elklit (2013) / Classroom based psychological intervention / PTSD / .24 / .1 -.39 / .00
Rosenberg et al. (2011) / CBT for PTSD in adolescents program / PTSD / 2.31 / 1.37 -3.25 / .00
Depression / 1.29 / .64 -1.94 / .00
Ruf et al. (2010)[10] / KIDNET vs. WL / (ITT) / PTSD / 1.77 / .88 -2.65 / .00
Runyon, Deblinger, & Schroeder (2009) / CBT / PTSD / .90 / .46 -1.35 / .00