1. Data from Insurance companies (#cases and value) for each country/area
2. Input from local producers and their associations regarding Risks and sources of damage
local producer name: VISMA shellfish aquaculture industry;
cultured species: Mytilus galloprovincialis;
location: Chioggia, Venice (North Western Adriatic Sea);
type of environment: coastal waters not protected by bays;
type of gear used: long-line;
declared production: 600 MT/year;
declared sources of damage:
· storm damage: minor, 2 events within a period of five years, with wind from N-Nwest.
· mucilage events: 1 event/year;
period: between August and September;
duration: between 20 and 40 days.
3. Identification of main environmental factors affecting shellfish aquaculture in the Northern Adriatic Sea.
HABS: in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Northern Adriatic Sea) mussel are harvested mainly in summer and early autumn. Data published by the Area Science Park of Trieste (Franzosini et al., 1998), indicate that in the decade 1989-1998 the presence of toxic plankton cause the suspension of mussel comercialization in summer time in 8 out of 10 years. The suspension of mussel comercialization lasted 2 months on average, however, mussel farmer were not allowed to sell their production for a 7 months long period in 1990-1991.
4. Identification of major environmental issues in your area and factors contributing to that
Environmental issues / References and available data / Type of data /high nutrient concentrations
and
Water quality / EEA (http://dataservice.eea.eu.int) / 5 year average winter concentrations of N-NO3, N-NO2 and P-PO4 in coastal waters. (Maps)see fig. 2 and 3
Italian Ministry of Environment, Si.Di.Mar. databank / Forthnigth concentrations of nutrients in coastal waters for each italian region;
Mean values of TRIX trophic index (Vollenweider et al.,1998) in coastal waters for each italian region;
TRIX Formulation:
TRIX = (Log10 [ChA × aD%O × minN × TP]+k) / m
Chla=chlorophyll-a concentration, as µg l-1;
aD%O = Oxygen as absolute % deviation from saturation;
minN = mineral nitrogen: dissolved inorganic nitrogen;
DIN = N(as N-NO3+N-NO2+N-NH4), as µg l-1;
TP = total phosphorus, as µg l-1.
The parameters K and m are scale coefficients.
Mucilage events / Stachowitsch et al., 1990; Azam et al., 1999; AA.VV., 1995.
HABs / ICES / HABs events in Europe (1990-1999). (Maps). See fig. 1.
Franzosini et al., 1998 / Mussel harvesting stop periods due to HABs in the gulf of Trieste (1989-1998).
Chemical pollution / Bayarri et al. 2001; Stefanelli et al., 2004; Storelli et al. 2001.
Other source of pollution / EEA (http://dataservice.eea.eu.int) / Location of major offshore oil installations in Europe. (Map). See fig.4
Large oil spills in Europe. (Map). See fig. 5
Forcing factors / References and available data / Type of data /
acquaculture / FAO Fishstat+ databank / 1950-2003. Aquaculture production in Italy, quantities.
ENEA (2000) / Quantities of food used in aquacolture and relative Nitrogen and Phosphorous loads in 1996.
Prioli et al., 2001 / Declared shellfish production per region in 1999.
fisheriers / FAO Fishstat+ databank / 1950-2003. Captures in Italy, quantities.
pollution
eutrophication / Basin Authority of the Po River (largest hydrographic basin in Italy). / Mean annual discharge and average water quality, (Total Phosphorous, Total Nitrogen, Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorous, Suspended solids).
Palmeri et al., in press / Estimations of nutrient loads to the coastal zone from Po river.
6. Comments (ca 3 pages) on HOTO-Table and regional significance of each interaction
7. Site selection and incompatibilities between uses in Italy
At present, in Italy, there's a lack of specific criteria regarding site selection for mussel culture farms.
Along the North Western Adriatic mussel culture activities interfere mainly with turism and fishery.
Only recently, however, these conflicts are being tackled in a ICZM framework. As an example, we can quote the Gulf of Trieste, were the local chamber of commerce prompted a redistribution of mussel farms, in order to minimize the impacts on tourism and, at the same time, increase the biomass yield (AA.VV., 2004).
A detailed list about the potential relationships between aquaculture and other uses of costal area is contained in UNEP PAP-10/EAM/GL.1 report, see tab. 3 and 4.
References
AA.VV. Marine mucillages, with special reference to mucilage events in the northern Adriatic Sea, the Tyrrhenian Sea and the North Sea. 1995. R.A. Vollenweider & A. Rinaldi (Eds). Sci. Total Environ. 165: 1-230.
AA.VV., 2004. Presentazione del progetto di riorganizzazione delle mitilicolture della costiera triestina nell’ambito del piano di sviluppo integrato della fascia costiera del golfo di Trieste. Hydrores anno XXI-26: 53-58.
Azam, F., Fonda Umani, S., Funari, F., 1999. Significance of bacteria in the mucilage phenomenon in the northern Adriatic Sea. Ann. Ist. Super. Sanità 35: 411-419.
Bayarri,S., Baldassarri,L.T., Iacovella, N., Ferrara, F., di Domenico, A., 2001. PCDDs, PCFDs, PCBs and DDE in edible marine species from the Adriatic Sea. Chemosphere 43, 601-610.
Palmeri, L., Bendoricchio, G., Artioli,Y., in press. Modelling nutrient emissions from river systems and loads to the coastal zone: Po River case study, Italy. Ecol. Mod.
Stachowitsh, M., Fanuko, N. & Richter, M., 1990. Mucus aggregates in the Adriatic Sea: an overview of types and occurrences. PSZNI Mar. Ecol. 11: 327-350.
Stefanelli, P., Di Muccio, A., Ferrara, F., Attard Barbini, D.,Generali, T., Pelosi, P., Amendola, G., Vanni, F., Di Muccio, S., Ausili, A., 2004. Estimation of intake of organochlorine pesticides and chlorobiphenyls through edible fishes from the Italian Adriatic Sea during 1997. Food Control 15: 27-38.
Storelli MM, Storelli A, Marcotrigiano GO, 2001. Heavy metals in the aquatic environment of the Southern Adriatic Sea, Italy: macroalgae, sediments and benthic species. Environ Int. 26:505-9.
Vollenweider, R.A., F. Giovanardi, G. Montanari & A. Rinaldi., 1998. Characterization of the trophic conditions of marine coastal waters, with special reference to the NW Adriatic Sea: proposal for a trophic scale, turbidity and generalized water quality index. Environmetrics 9: 329-357.
Figures
Fig. 1. HABs events in Europe, 1990-1999. Data source ICES.
Fig. 2. Mean winter surface concentrations of nitrates (NO3-N and NO2-N) in sea water (1995-2000). Source: EEA (http://dataservice.eea.eu.int).
Fig. 3. Mean winter surface concentrations of phosphate (PO4-P) in sea water (1995-2000). Source: EEA (http://dataservice.eea.eu.int).
Fig. 4. Location of major offshore installations. Source: EEA (http://dataservice.eea.eu.int).
Fig. 5. Accidents: Large oil spills in Europe.Source: EEA (http://dataservice.eea.eu.int).
Region / Monitored period / Number of measures / TRIX mean values / SDLiguria / 12/ 97 - 7/ 99 / 133 / 4.31 / 0.71
Toscana / 5/ 97 - 4/99 / 2096 / 4.03 / 0.91
Lazio / 10/ 96 - 9/ 98 / (1) / 5.16 / 1.09
Campania / 7/ 98 - 9/ 99 / 461 / 3.82 / 0.99
Basilicata / 10/ 96 - 12/ 98 / 869 / 3.56 / 0.80
Calabria / 8/ 98 - 10/ 99 / 318 / 3.37 / 1.03
Puglia / 6/ 98 - 6/ 99 / 506 / 3.36 / 0.84
Molise / 1/ 97 - 4/99 / 265 / 4.45 / 0.85
Abruzzo / 4/ 97 - 6/98 / 429 / 4.66 / 0.92
Marche / 1/ 97 - 12/98 / 657 / 4.84 / 0.95
Emilia-Romagna / 7/ 96 - 6/99 / 621 / 5.44 / 0.94
Veneto / 7/ 96 - 12/98 / 816 / 4.93 / 0.83
Friuli-Venezia Giulia / 4/ 97 - 6/99 / 210 / 4.46 / 0.77
Sardegna / 5/ 97 - 4/ 98 / 2728 / 2.68 / 0.78
Sicilia / Not monitored
Tab. 1. TRIX trophic index values in coastal water. Source Italian Ministry of Environment.
Trophic scale and water conditions :
Status TRIX value
High <4
Good >4 <5
Poor >5 <6
Very poor >6
region / food / Total Nitrogen / Total PhosphorousKg/year / Kg/day / Kg/day / Kg/day
Liguria / 225000 / 616.4 / 1.664 / 0.247
Toscana / 3450000 / 9452.1 / 25.521 / 3781
Lazio / 900000 / 2465.8 / 6.658 / 0.986
Campania / 225000 / 616.4 / 1.664 / 0.247
Basilicata / 150000 / 411.0 / 1.11 / 0.164
Calabria / 225000 / 616.4 / 1.664 / 0.247
Puglia / 3000000 / 8219.2 / 22.192 / 3288
Molise / 300000 / 821.9 / 2.219 / 0.329
Abruzzo / 120000 / 328.8 / 0.888 / 0.132
Emilia-Romagna / 180000 / 493.2 / 1.332 / 0.197
Veneto / 1425000 / 3904.1 / 10.541 / 1565
Friuli-Venezia Giulia / 450000 / 1232.9 / 3.329 / 0.493
Sardegna / 1500000 / 4109.6 / 11.096 / 1644
Sicilia / 3000000 / 8219.2 / 22.192 / 3288
Totale / 15150000 / 41506.8 / 112.068 / 16605
Tab. 2. Quantities of food used in aquacolture and relative Nitrogen and Phosphorous loads in 1996. Source Enea (2000).
Tab. 3. Relationships between aquaculture and other uses of costal area. Table from UNEP PAP-10/EAM/GL.1
Tab. 4. Relationships between aquaculture and other uses of costal area. Table from UNEP PAP-10/EAM/GL.1