Operators Dictionary
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1A
1.1ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
1.2ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE
1.3ABSORPTION PROCESS
1.4ACCELERATOR
1.5ACCUMULATOR
1.6ACETYLENE C2H2
1.7ACID
1.8ADDITIVE
1.9ADIP
1.10ADIP TREATING
1.11ADSORPTION PROCESS
1.12AEROBIC
1.13AEROMETER
1.14AGGREGATE
1.15AIR-BLOWN ASPHALT
1.16AIR HEAT EXCHANGER
1.17AIR SWEETENING
1.18ALCOHOLS
1.19ALGAE
1.20ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
1.21ALKALI
1.22ALKALI TEST
1.23ALKALINE
1.24ALKALINITY
1.25ALKYLATION
1.26ALLOY
1.27AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
1.28AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
1.29AMINE
1.30AMMONIA NH3
1.31ANAEROBIC
1.32ANALYSIS
1.33ANHYDROUS
1.34ANILINE POINT
1.35ANNEALING
1.36ANTIFOAM AGENT
1.37ANTIKNOCK
1.38ANTIKNOCK AGENT
1.39ANTIOXIDANT
1.40ANTISTATIC ADDITIVE
1.41API GRAVITY
1.42AROMATIC BLEND
1.43AROMATICS
1.44ASH
1.45ASH CONTENT
1.46ASPHALT
1.47ASPHALTENES
1.48ASPHALTIC BASE CRUDE OILS
1.49ASPHALTIC BITUMEN
1.50ASPIRATOR
1.51ASSOCIATED NATURAL GAS
1.52ASTM DISTILLATION
1.53ASTM GUM TEST
1.54ASTM MELTING POINT
1.55ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
1.56ATOM
1.57ATOMISE\
1.58ATTEMPERATOR\
1.59ATTRITION\
1.60AUTO IGNITION POINT
1.61AVERAGE BOILING POINT
1.62AVGAS
1.63AVIATION GASOLINE
1.64AVTAG
1.65AVTUR
1.66AZEOTROPE
1.67AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION
2B
2.1BACK PRESSURE
2.2BAFFLE
2.3BALANCED DRAUGHT
2.4BAR OVER
2.5BAROMETER
2.6BAROMETRIC CONDENSER
2.7BAROMETRIC LEG
2.8BARREL
2.9BASIC SEDIMENT AND WATER
2.10BATCH
2.11BATCH PROCESS
2.12BATTERY
2.13BATTERY LIMITS
2.14BEARING
2.15BENZENE C6H6
2.16BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)
2.17BIODEGRADATION
2.18BIOTREATER
2.19BITUMEN
2.20BLACK PRODUCTS
2.21BLANK See Spade
2.22BLEEDING
2.23BLEND
2.24BLENDED FUEL OIL
2.25BLENDING
2.26BLENDING STOCK
2.27BLENDING VALUE (ANTIKNOCK)
2.28BLOCK VALVE
2.29BLOCKED OPERATION
2.30BLOWBACK
2.31BLOWBY
2.32BLOWDOWN
2.33BLOWER
2.34BLOWN BITUMEN
2.35BLUE SMOKE
2.36BOILING POINT (AT A GIVEN PRESSURE)
2.37BOILING RANGE
2.38BOMB
2.39BOND
2.40BOOSTER STATION
2.41BOTTLED GAS
2.42BOTTOMS
2.43BOXIN
2.44BOXUP
2.45BRAKE HORSEPOWER
2.46BREAKER POINT
2.47BREATHING
2.48BRINE
2.49BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU)
2.50BRITOLITE
2.51BUFFER
2.52BUG COUNT
2.53BULK CRUSHING STRENGTH
2.54BULK DENSITY
2.55BUND WALL
2.56BUNKER FUEL
2.57BURNING OIL
2.58BUTANE C4H10
2.59BUTANE DEASPHALTING
2.60BYPRODUCT
3C
3.1C1,C2,C3,C4,C5
3.2CALIBRATION
3.3CALMING SECTION TRAYS
3.4CALORIE
3.5CALORIFIC VALUE
3.6CANDLEPOWER
3.7CAPILLARITY
3.8CARBON
3.9CARBON (FIXED CARBON)
3.10CARBON DEPOSIT
3.11CARBON DIOXIDE
3.12CARBON MONOXIDE
3.13CARBURETTOR
3.14CARRYOVER
3.15CASCADE TRAY
3.16CATALYSIS
3.17CATALYST
3.18CATALYST POISON
3.19CATALYTIC PROCESS
3.20CATALYTIC REFORMING
3.21CATHODIC PROTECTION
3.22CAUSTIC SODA
3.23CENTRIGRADE (CELSIUS) SCALE
3.24CENTIPOISE, CENTISTOKES
3.25CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.26CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
3.27CENTRIFUGE
3.28CERAMIC BALLS
3.29CETANE NUMBER
3.30CFR ENGINE
3.31CHANNELING
3.32CHARACTERISATION
3.33CHAR VALUE
3.34CHECK VALVE (NON RETURN VALVE)
3.35CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)
3.36CHLORINATION
3.37CHROMOMETER See Colorimeter
3.38CLADDING
3.39CLAUS PROCESS
3.40CLEAR GASOLINE
3.41CLOUD POINT
3.42COAGULATION
3.43COALESCER
3.44COASTAL TANKER Ltd (CTL)
3.45COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION
3.46COFFERDAMS
3.47COKE
3.48COKE DRUM
3.49COLD FILTER PLUGGING POINT
3.50COLORIMETER
3.51COMBINED FEED RATIO (CFR)
3.52COMBUSTION
3.53COMBUSTION CHAMBER
3.54COMPATABILITY
3.55COMPOUND
3.56COMPRESSION
3.57COMPRESSION IGNITION
3.58COMPRESSION RATIO
3.59COMPRESSOR
3.60CONDENSATE
3.61CONDENSATION (PHYSICAL)
3.62CONDENSER
3.63CONDENSER BOX
3.64CONDUCTIVITY
3.65CONGEAL
3.66CONTINUOUS CATALYST REGENERATOR
3.67CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION
3.68CONTROL LOOP
3.69CONTROLLER
3.70CONVECTION
3.71CONVECTION SECTION
3.72CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTS
3.73CONVERSION PROCESSES
3.74COOLER
3.75COOLING TOWER
3.76COPPER STRIP CORROSION
3.77CORRECTED ENERGY & LOSS (CEL)
3.78CORROSION
3.79COUNTERCURRENT FLOW
3.80CRACKING
3.81CREDITORS
3.82CREEP
3.83CRITERIA REFERENCED INSTRUCTION
3.84CRITICAL PRESSURE
3.85CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
3.86CRITICAL VELOCITY
3.87CRUDE NAPHTHA
3.88CRUDE OIL TYPES
3.89CRUDE WAX
3.90CRYSTALISATION
3.91CUSTODY TRANSFER TANKS
3.92CURRENT RATE
3.93CUT
3.94CUT POINT
3.95CYCLISATION
3.96CYCLONE SEPARATOR
4D
4.1DAMPER
4.2DEACTIVATION
4.3DEADWEIGHT
4.4DEARATOR
4.5DEBTORS
4.6DECOMPOSITION
4.7DEFERRED TAXATION
4.8DEHYDRATION
4.9DEHYDROCYCLISATION
4.10DEHYDROGENATION
4.11DEIONIZED WATER
4.12DEISOLATION
4.13DEMISTER
4.14DEMULSIFIER
4.15DEMURRAGE
4.16DENITRIFICATION
4.17DENSE BED LOADING
4.18DEOXYGENATION
4.19DESALTING
4.20DESULPHURISATION See Hydrodesulphurisation
4.21DESUPERHEATER
4.22DETERGENCY
4.23DETERGENT OIL
4.24DETONATION
4.25DEW POINT (at a given pressure)
4.26DEWAXING
4.27DIESEL ENGINE
4.28DIESEL FUEL
4.29DIESEL INDEX
4.30DIFLUOROETHANE
4.31DILUENT
4.32DIPPING
4.33DISTILLATE
4.34DISTILLATION (fractional)
4.35DISTILLATION CURVE
4.36DISTILLATION LOSS
4.37DISTRIBUTOR (LIQUID/GAS)
4.38DISULPHIDE
4.39DIVIDEND COVER
4.40DIVIDEND YIELD
4.41DOCTOR SOLUTION
4.42DOCTOR TREATMENT
4.43DOLPHIN
4.44DOWNCOMER
4.45DOWNSTREAM
4.46DRAW OFF
4.47DRY GAS
4.48DUAL PURPOSE KEROSENE
5E
5.1EARNINGS PER SHARE (CENTS)
5.2ECONOMISER
5.3EJECTOR
5.4ELASTOMER
5.5ELECTRICAL ISOLATION CERTIFICATE
5.6ELECTROLYSIS
5.7EMULSIFIER
5.8EMULSION
5.9END POINT
5.10ENDOTHERMIC
5.11ENGINE OIL
5.12ENGLER DISTILLATION
5.13ENTRAINMENT
5.14EROSION
5.15ETHANE C2H6
5.16ETHENE
5.17EVACUATION
5.18EVAPORATION
5.19EVAPORATOR
5.20EX SITU REGEN
5.21EXOTHERMIC
5.22EXPANSION JOINT
5.23EXTRACT
5.24EXTRACTION
5.25EXTRACTION DEPTH
5.26EXTRACTOR
5.27EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS
5.28EXTREME PRESSURE LUBRICANTS
6F
6.1FAECAL COLIFORM (F. COLI.)
6.2FATIGUE
6.3FEED PREPARATION UNIT
6.4FEEDSTOCK
6.5FILTER
6.6FILTRATE
6.7FIN FAN
6.8FIRE WALL
6.9FIXEDBED OPERATION
6.10FLAME ARRESTOR
6.11FLAMMABLE
6.12FLASH
6.13FLASH DISTILLATION
6.14FLASH POINT
6.15FLEXIBLE VOLATILITY INDEX
6.16FLOATING HEAD
6.17FLOATING ROOF
6.18FLOC
6.19FLOCCULATION
6.20FLOODING
6.21FLUE GAS
6.22FLUID
6.23FLUID BED OPERATION
6.24FOAM
6.25FOAMING
6.26FORCED DRAUGHT
6.27FRACTION
6.28FRACTIONAL CONDENSATION
6.29FRACTIONATING COLUMN
6.30FRACTIONATING TRAYS
6.31FRACTIONATION
6.32FREE ON BOARD (FOB)
6.33FREE WATER
6.34FREEZE POINT
6.35FREEZING POINT
6.36FRESH GAS
6.37FRICTION
6.38FUEL AIR RATIO
6.39FUEL CELL
6.40FUEL GAS
6.41FUEL OIL
6.42FUNCTIONAL LOGIC SCHEME
6.43FUNCTIONAL LOGIC SYSTEM
6.44FURNACE
6.45FURNACE PASS
7G
7.1GAP
7.2GAS HOLDER
7.3GAS OIL
7.4GAS/OIL RATIO
7.5GASOLINE
7.6GAS TURBINE
7.7GATHERING STATION
7.8GEAR OIL
7.9GLAND
7.10GOVERNOR
7.11GRAVITOMETER
7.12GRID TRAYS
7.13GUM
8H
8.1HAMER LINE BLIND
8.2HEADER
8.3HEAT CAPACITY
8.4HEAT EXCHANGER
8.5HEAT OF COMBUSTION
8.6HEATER
8.7HIFI TRAYS
8.8HIGH VACUUM UNIT
8.9HORSEPOWER
8.10HORTON SPHERE
8.11HOT OIL
8.12HOT SPOT
8.13HUMIDITY
8.14HYDRATE
8.15HYDRATION
8.16HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
8.17HYDROCARBON
8.18HYDROCHLORIC ACID
8.19HYDROCRACKING
8.20HYDRODEALKYLATION
8.21HYDRODESULPHURIZATION
8.22HYDROGEN
8.23HYDROGEN BLISTERING
8.24HYDROGEN SULPHIDE
8.25HYDROGENATION
8.26HYDROLYSIS
8.27HYDROMETER
8.28HYDROSTATIC HEAD
1.29HYDROSTATIC TEST
8.30HYDROTREATING
9I
9.1IGNITION POINT
9.2IGNITION QUALITY
9.3IMMISCIBLE
9.4INCOMPATIBLE
9.5INDIGENOUS FEEDSTOCK
9.6INDUCED DRAUGHT
9.7INERT ENTRY
9.8INERT GAS
9.9INERT FILLER
9.10INFLAMMABLE
9.11INHIBITOR
9.12INITIAL BOILING POINT
9.13INJECTOR
9.14INLINE BLENDING
9.15INORGANIC
9.16INSITU REGEN
9.17INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM
9.18INTERCEPTOR
9.19INTERNALCOMBUSTION ENGINE
9.20ION EXCHANGE RESINS
9.21ISOLATE
9.22ISOMER
9.23ISOMERISATION
9.24ISOOCTANE C8H18 (2,2,4TRIMETHYLPENTANE)
9.25ISOTOPE
10J
10.1JET A1
10.2JET ENGINE (see also Gas Turbine)
10.3JET FUEL
10.4JETTY HOSE
11K
11.1KELVIN
11.2KEROSENE
11.3KETTLE REBOILER
11.4KNOCK
11.5KNOCKOUT (DRUM OR VESSEL)
12L
12.1LAGGING
12.2LASER ALIGNMENT
12.3LATENT HEAT
12.4LEAD
12.5LEAD ACETATE TEST
12.6LEAD SUSCEPTIBILITY
12.7LEADED GASOLINE
12.8LEAN ADIP
12.9LICHEN
12.10LIGHT DISTILLATE
12.11LIGHT ENDS
12.12LIGHT TOPS
12.13LINEAR PROGRAMME (LP)
12.14LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)
12.15LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
12.16LIQUID PHASE
12.17LIQUID SEAL
12.18LITRE
12.19LIVE STEAM
12.20LOADONTOP SYSTEM
12.21LOADING RACK
12.22LOGIC
12.23LONG RESIDUE
12.24LOST TIME ACCIDENT (LTI)
12.25LOW VISCOSITY INDEX
12.26LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT
12.27LUBOIL
12.28LUBRICANT
12.29LUBRICATING OIL
12.30LUBRICATION
13M
13.1M CAP DECK
13.2MANIFOLD
13.3MANOMETER
13.4MASS SPECTROMETER
13.5MELTING POINT
13.6MERCAPTANS
13.7METHANATOR
13.8METHANE CH4
13.9METHANE SERIES
13.10METHANOL
13.11METHYL CHLOROFORM
13.12METHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER (MTBE)
13.13METRIC SYSTEM
13.14MICROCRYSTALLINE WAXES
13.15MIDDLE DISTILLATE
13.16MINERAL OIL
13.17MINIMUM STOP
13.18MISCIBLE
13.19MIXED BASE CRUDE
13.20MIXER
13.21MIXING VALVE
13.22MIXTURE
13.23MOLE PERCENT
13.24MOLECULAR WEIGHT
13.25MOLECULE
13.26MOTOR GASOLINE
13.27MOTOR OCTANE NUMBER (MON)
13.28MOTORISED VALVE
13.29MULTIGRADE OIL
13.30MULTISTAGE PUMP
14N
14.1NAPHTHA
14.2NAPHTHENE
14.3NAPHTHENIC ACID
14.4NAPHTHENIC CRUDE
14.5NATURAL DRAUGHT
14.6NATURAL GAS
14.7NATURAL GASOLINE
14.8NET ASSET BACKING/SHARE
14.9NET PROFIT AFTER TAX
14.10NET PROFIT BEFORE TAX
14.11NEUTRAL
14.12NEUTRON
14.13NITROGEN
14.14NITROGEN BASE
14.15NONASSOCIATED NATURAL GAS
14.16NON CUSTODY TRANSFER TANKS
14.17NORMALISE
15O
15.1OCTANE
15.2OIL RING
15.3OIL SHALE
15.4OLEFINS
15.5ONCETHROUGH
15.6ON STREAM
15.7ORGANIC
15.8ORIFICE METER
15.9ORIFICE PLATE
15.10OSMOSIS
15.11OUTPUT
15.12OVERHEADS
15.13OVERLAP
15.14OXIDATION
15.15OXIDIZING FLAME
16P
16.1PACKED TOWER
16.2PACKING
16.3PALL RINGS
16.4PARAFFINBASE CRUDE
16.5PARAFFINS
16.6PARAFFIN WAX
16.7PARTIAL CONDENSER
16.8PARTIAL PRESSURE
1.9PENETRATION
16.10PERMIT TO WORK
16.11PETROIL MIXTURE (2 STROKE MIX)
16.12PETROL
16.13PETROLEUM
16.14PETROLEUM NAPHTHA
16.15PETROLEUM SPIRITS
16.16PETROLEUM WAX
16.17PHENOL
16.18PHOSPHATE
16.19pH VALUE
16.20PIG
16.21PILOT PLANT
16.22PIPELINE
16.23PISTON
16.24PISTON RING
16.25PITTING
16.26PLASTICIZERS
16.27PLATFORMING
16.28POLYELECTROLYTE
16.29POLYMER
16.30POUR POINT
16.31POWER RECOVERY TURBINE
16.32PREDILUTON (RATIO)
16.33PREHEAT
16.34PREHEATER
16.35PRESSURE
16.36PRESSURE DROP
16.37PRESULPHIDE
16.38PRIMARY
16.39PRIMARY AIR
16.40PRIMARY PROCESS
16.41PRIME MOVER
16.42PROCESS INTEGRATION
16.43PROMOTER
16.44PROPANE C3H8
16.45PROPYLENE C3H6
16.46PROSS
16.47PUKING
16.48PURGING
16.49PYROPHORIC
17Q
17.1QUENCH
17.2QUENCH GAS
17.3QUENCHING OILS
18R
18.1RADIANT ENERGY
18.2RADIANT SECTION
18.3RADIATION
18.4RADICAL
18.5RAFFINATE
18.6RASCHIG RING
18.7REACTION
18.8REACTION TIME
18.9REACTOR
18.10REBOILER
18.11RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
18.12RECIPROCATING PUMP
18.13RECLAIMER
18.14RECONTACTING
18.15RECYCLE GAS
18.16RECYCLE OIL
18.17RECYCLE RATIO
18.18RECYCLING
18.19REDUCED CRUDE
18.20REDUCTION
18.21REFINERS MARGIN GROSS
18.22REFINERS MARGIN NET
18.23REFINERY
18.24REFINERY FUEL AND LOSS
18.25REFINING
18.26REFLUX
18.27REFLUX CONDENSER
18.28REFLUX RATIO
18.29REFORMING
18.30REFRACTORY
18.31REFRACTORY BRICK
18.32REGENERATION
18.33REGENERATOR
18.34REID VAPOUR PRESSURE (RVP)
18.35RELIEF VALVE
18.36RERUNNING
18.37RESEARCH OCTANE NUMBER (RON)
18.38RESIDENCE TIME
18.39RESIDUAL FUEL OIL
18.40RESIDUE
18.41RESIN
18.42RETAINED EARNINGS
18.43RETURN BEND
18.44RICH ADIP
18.45RING COMPOUNDS
18.46RISER
18.47ROCKET FUEL
18.48ROTAMETER
18.49ROTARY PUMP
18.50RUNDOWN TANK
19S
19.1SAE CLASSIFICATION
19.2SAFEGUARDING
19.3SALT
19.4SAMPLE
19.5SATURATED HYDROCARBON
19.6SATURATION TEMPERATURE
19.7SCAVENGERS
19.8SCHEDULING
19.9SCHOEPENTOETER
19.10SEAL
19.11SECONDARY AIR
19.12SECONDARY PROCESS
19.13SEIZE
19.14SENSIBLE HEAT
19.15SEPARATOR
19.16SEPARATION INDEX
19.17SEPARATION PROCESSES
19.18SETTLER
19.19SETTLING POINT
19.20SETTLING TANK
19.21SHAREHOLDERS INVESTMENT
19.22SHIFT REACTION
19.23SHORT RESIDUE
19.24SIDE STRIPPER
19.25SIDESTREAM
19.26SIEVE TRAYS
19.27SIGHT GLASS
19.28SILVER STRIP
19.29SLACK WAX
19.30SLIDE VALVE
19.31SLOPS
19.32SLUDGE
19.33SMOKE POINT
19.34SOLAR ENERGY
19.35SOLUBLE OIL
19.36SOLUTION
19.37SOLVENT
19.38SOLVENT EXTRACTION
19.39SOLVENT/FEED RATIO
19.40SOOTBLOWER
19.41SOUR CRUDE
19.42SOUR GAS
19.43SOUR GASOLINE
19.44SOUR WATER
19.45SPACE VELOCITY
19.46SPADE
19.47SPALLING
19.48SPARGE
19.49SPARK ADVANCE
19.50SPECIFIC GRAVITY
19.51SPECIFIC HEAT
19.52SPECTACLE
19.53SPHERE SEE HORTON SPHERE
19.54SPLITTER
19.55SPOT
19.56STABILISATION
19.57STABILISED GASOLINE
19.58STABILITY
19.59STABILISER
19.60STADIS
19.61STANDARD PRESSURE
19.62STANDARD REFINERY FUEL (SRF)
19.63STANDBY
19.64STAND PIPE
19.65STATIC ELECTRICITY
19.66STEAM/AIR DECOKING
19.67STEAM DISTILLATION
19.68STEAM REFORMING
19.69STEEL
19.70STONEWALL
19.71STRAIGHTRUN
19.72STRAINER
19.73STRAPPING
19.74STREAM DAY
19.75STRIPPING
19.76STUFFING BOX
19.77SULFINOL PROCESS
19.78SULFOLANE
19.79SULPHATE
19.80SULPHIDE
19.81SULPHUR
19.82SULPHUR CEMENT
19.83SULPHUR DIOXIDE
19.84SULPHURIC ACID
19.85SUPERHEATER
19.86SURFACE AREA
19.87SURFACE TENSION
19.88SURFACRANTS
19.89SURGE
19.90SURGE DRUM
19.91SURGE PARAMETER
19.92SUSPENSION
19.93SWEET GAS
19.94SWEETENING
19.95SYNFUEL
19.96SYNTHESIS
20T
20.1TANK CAR
20.2TANK FARM
20.3TANK VOLUME
20.4TANKAGE
20.5TANKER
20.6TEMPERATURE
20.7TEMPERATURE GRADIENT
20.8TEROMAN
20.9TETRAETHYLLEAD (TEL)
20.10TETRAMETHYL LEAD (TML)
20.11THERM
20.12THERMAL CRACKING
20.13THERMOCOUPLE.
20.14THERMOSTAT
20.15TOLUENE C6H5CH3
20.16TONNAGE (MARINE)
20.17TOPANOL
20.18TOPS
20.19TORQUE
20.20TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC)
20.21TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS)
20.22TOWER
20.23TRANSFER LINE
20.24TRANSFORMER OIL
20.25TRAP
20.26TRAYS
20.27TREATING PROCESSES
20.28TRIP SYSTEM
20.29TRYCOCKS
20.30TURBINE
20.31TURBINE OIL
20.32TURBOJET ENGINE
20.33TURNAROUND
20.34TURN DOWN
21U
21.1ULLAGE
21.2UNSATURATED.
21.3UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT
21.4UPSTREAM
22V
22.1V50
22.2VACUUM
22.3VACUUM DISTILLATION
22.4VALENCE
22.5VALVE
22.6VALVE TRAYS
22.7VAPOUR
22.8VAPOUR DENSITY
22.9VAPOUR LINE
22.10VAPOUR LOCK
22.11VAPOUR PHASE
22.12VAPOUR PRESSURE (AT GIVEN TEMPERATURE)
22.13VAPORISATION
22.14VENTURI METER
22.15VENTURI TUBE
22.16VISCOSIMETER
22.17VISCOSITY
22.18VISCOSITY INDEX
22.19VOLATILE
23W
23.1WASH OILS
23.2WASH WATER
23.3WASTE HEAT BOILER
23.4WATER BOTTOM
23.5WATER SOFTENING
23.6WAXY DISTILLATE
23.7WEAR
23.8WEATHERING
23.9WEIGHTED AVERAGE BED TEMPERATURE (WABT)
23.10WEIR
23.11WET GAS
23.12WHESSOE
23.13WHITE OIL
23.14WHITE PRODUCTS
23.15WHITE SPIRITS
23.16WIDE RANGE DISTILLATE
23.17WORK SAFE AUDIT
24X
24.1XRAY
24.2XYLENE C6H4 (CH) 2
25Y
25.1YARD PIPE (YP)
25.2YIELD
26REGULARLY USED ABBREVIATIONS
27REFINERY THROUGHPUT 1989 and 1998
28REFINERY STATISTICS
1A
1.1ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
Pressure measured with respect to zero pressure, as distinct from pressure measured with respect to some standard pressure such as atmospheric pressure. Thus, 2 Bar gauge (i.e. atmospheric) is equivalent to 3 Bar absolute. (Atmospheric pressure being 1 bar absolute).
1.2ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE
A temperature at which zero is a condition absolutely free of heat and equivalent to -459oF or –273oC. To convert temperature on Fahrenheit or centigrade scales to degrees absolute, add 459 or 273 respectively.
1.3ABSORPTION PROCESS
A separation process, a weak chemical reaction, by which certain components of a gas are condensed in an absorption liquid (lean oil) with which the gas is brought into contact. The absorption liquid with the absorbed components is called fat oil. The fat oil leaves the bottom of the absorber and is separated from the absorbed components in a following fractionator (Regenerator) whence the fresh lean oil is returned to the absorber. For example, Adip and Sulfinol Processes for H2S + CO2 removal.
1.4ACCELERATOR
1.A substance that hastens a reaction, usually by acting as a catalyst, as in the vulcanization of rubber.
2.Any of several automobile attachments for increasing the speed at will, especially a foot-operated throttle.
1.5ACCUMULATOR
A vessel for the temporary storage of a gas or liquid; usually used for collecting sufficient material for a continuous charge to some refining process.
1.6ACETYLENE C2H2
A highly unsaturated hydrocarbon gas usually made by the action of water on calcium carbide and by pyrolysis of natural gas. It is largely used in industry for cutting and welding metals. Several important intermediates have been synthesised from acetylene but a cheaper route via ethylene has now been developed for many of them.
1.7ACID
A member of an important and fundamental category of chemical substances characterised by having an available reactive hydrogen and requiring an alkali to neutralise them. Acid solutions usually have a sour, biting and tart taste, like vinegar.
1.8ADDITIVE
A substance added to a product in order to improve its properties.
1.9ADIP
Shell trade name for aqueous DIPA solution.
1.10ADIP TREATING
A process for removal of hydrogen sulphide from hydrocarbon gases and LPG by a specific regenerable solvent.
Carbon dioxide and, to a certain extent, carbonyl sulphide can be removed at the same time. The solvent employed is an aqueous DIPA solution.
1.11ADSORPTION PROCESS
A fractionation process based on the fact that certain highly porous materials preferentially adsorb certain types of molecules on their surface, e.g. PSA units.
1.12AEROBIC
Existing in the presence of oxygen.
1.13AEROMETER
An instrument for ascertaining the weight or density of air or other gases.
1.14AGGREGATE
As applied to non-bituminous materials, the inert material, such as sand, gravel, or broken stone, with which cementing material is mixed to form a mortar or concrete.
1.15AIR-BLOWN ASPHALT
Asphalt produced by blowing air through residual oils or similar mineral oil products at moderately elevated temperatures.
1.16AIR HEAT EXCHANGER
A heat exchanger in which air is used as the cooling medium.
1.17AIR SWEETENING
In this process sour gasoline fractions are sweetened by dissolving air in the hydrocarbon phase followed by contacting with a strong NaOH aqueous solution. The reaction products formed are disulphides which dissolve in the sweetened gasoline and water remaining in the aqueous phase.
1.18ALCOHOLS
A class of organic compounds containing oxygen (as a hydroxyl), of which ethyl alcohol (the alcohol of potable spirits and wines) is the best known. They can react with acids to form esters. They are largely used as solvents.
1.19ALGAE
Plants of the group comprising practically all seaweed’s and allied freshwater or nonaquatic forms, such as pond scum’s, stoneworts, etc.
1.20ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are arranged in open chains, which may be branched. The term includes paraffins and olefins and provides a distinction from aromatics and naphthenes which have at least some of their carbon atoms arranged in closed rings.
1.21ALKALI
In chemistry, any substance having marked basic properties. In its restricted and common sense, the term is applied only to hydroxides of ammonium, lithium, potassium, and sodium. They are soluble in water, they have the power of neutralising acids and forming salts with them and of turning red litmus blue. In a more general sense, the term is also applied to the hydroxides of the so-called alkaline earth metals - barium, calcium, and strontium.
1.22ALKALI TEST
A test to determine the presence or absence of free alkali in finished oils after chemical purification.
1.23ALKALINE
Having the properties of an alkali; opposite to acidic.
1.24ALKALINITY
The amount of free alkali in any substance.
1.25ALKYLATION
A reaction in which a straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbons group, which is called an alkyl group or radical, is united with either an aromatic molecule or a branched-chain hydrocarbon. Used for detergent or petroleum manufacture. Usually catalysed by Hydrofluoric or Sulphuric acid.
1.26ALLOY
A substance composed of two or more metals, or of a metal and a nonmetal, intimately united, usually by being fused together and dissolved in each other when molten.
1.27AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
- An association incorporated in the United States, having as its object the study of the arts and sciences connected with the petroleum industry in all its branches and the fostering of foreign and domestic trade in American petroleum products.
1.28AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
An association incorporated in the United States for promoting knowledge of the properties of engineering materials and for standardising specifications and methods of testing.
1.29AMINE
Hydrocarbon with attached Ammonia group having absorbent properties, making it useful in treatment processes (ADIP, SULFINOL).
1.30AMMONIA NH3
Ammonia is manufactured by the direct combination of hydrogen and nitrogen under pressure over a catalyst. Anhydrous ammonia is mainly used for the manufacture of nitrogenous fertilisers, but is used at NZRC for pH control in various processes. A colourless, gaseous compound, NH3 is of extremely pungent smell and taste and is very soluble in water.
1.31ANAEROBIC
Existing in an oxygen free condition.
1.32ANALYSIS
The process of determining the composition of a substance by chemical or physical methods.
1.33ANHYDROUS
Free of water.
1.34ANILINE POINT
The minimum temperature for complete miscibility of equal volumes of the chemical aniline and a petroleum product. In conjunction with API gravity the aniline point may be used to calculate the net heat of combustion of aviation fuels or the diesel index of diesel fuels. The lower temperature at which an oil product is completely miscible with aniline in a 1:1 volumetric ratio.
1.35ANNEALING
Heating and slowly cooling to increase the ductility or remove internal stresses, as of metal or glass.
1.36ANTIFOAM AGENT
An additive used for controlling foam. Antifoam agents are used in some lubricating oils. At NZRC, used as additives in ADIP, Sulphinol and BDU Units.
1.37ANTIKNOCK
An adjective signifying resistance to detonation (pinking) in sparkignited internal combustion engines. Antiknock value is measured in terms of octane number of gasoline engines and of cetane number for diesel fuels.
1.38ANTIKNOCK AGENT
A chemical compound such as tetramethyllead which, when added in small amounts to the fuel charge of an internalcombustion engine, tends to lessen knocking.
1.39ANTIOXIDANT
A chemical added to gasoline, lubricating oil, etc. to inhibit oxidation.
1.40ANTISTATIC ADDITIVE
An additive for reducing static properties, notably in Kerosene.
1.41API GRAVITY
In the USA an arbitrary scale known as the API degree is used for reporting the gravity of a petroleum product. The degree API is related to the specific gravity scale (15C/15C) by the formula:
141.5
Degree API = Sp. Gr. 15C/15C 131.5
1.42AROMATIC BLEND
A mixture made by the addition of a component or stock essentially aromatic in nature to impart to the mixture some property of the aromatic.
1.43AROMATICS
A group of hydrocarbons characterised by their having at least one ring structure of six carbon atoms, each of the latter having one valency outside the ring. If these valencies are occupied by hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon radicals, or inorganic groups one speaks of condensed aromatics. These hydrocarbons are called aromatics because many of their derivatives have an aromatic odour. They are of relatively high specific gravity and possess good solvent properties. Certain aromatics have valuable antiknock characteristics. Typical aromatics are: benzene, toluene, xylene, phenol (all monoaromatics) and naphthalene (a diaromatic). Aromatics can cause smoke and freeze point problems in Kerosene.
1.44ASH
The solid residue left when combustible material is thoroughly burned.
1.45ASH CONTENT
The percent by weight of residue left after combustion of a sample of a fuel oil or other petroleum oil.
1.46ASPHALT
This term may have several meanings:
1.It refers to a mixture of bitumen and mineral aggregate, as prepared for the construction of roads or for other purposes.
2.In the United States it refers to the product which is known as bitumen elsewhere. Black to darkbrown solid or semisolid cementitious material which gradually liquefies when heated and in which the predominating constituents are bitumens. These occur in the solid or semisolid form in nature: are obtainable by refining petroleum; or are combinations with one another or with petroleum or derivatives thereof.
3.At NZRC very heavy fuel oil produced as bottom product from BDU (short residue with DAO removed).
1.47ASPHALTENES
Polyaromatic constituents of asphaltic bitumen characterised by being insoluble in aromaticfree lowboiling petroleum spirit, but soluble in carbon disulphide.
1.48ASPHALTIC BASE CRUDE OILS
Crude oils which contain little or no paraffin wax but usually contain asphaltic matter. Now often referred to as naphthene base crude oils.
1.49ASPHALTIC BITUMEN
The full name for bitumen adopted by the Permanent International Association of Road Congresses.
1.50ASPIRATOR
An apparatus which serves to create a partial vacuum through pumping a jet of water, steam, or some other fluid or gas past an orifice opening out of the chamber in which the vacuum is to be produced.
1.51ASSOCIATED NATURAL GAS
Natural gas associated with oil accumulations by being dissolved in the oil under the reservoir temperatures and pressures (solution gas) and often also be forming a gas cap of free gas above the oil (gas cap gas).
1.52ASTM DISTILLATION
Any distillation made in accordance with an ASTM distillation procedure; and, especially, a distillation test made on such products as gasoline and kerosene to determine the initial and final boiling points and the boiling range.
1.53ASTM GUM TEST
1.An analytical method for determining the amount of existing gum in a gasoline by evaporating a sample from a glass dish on an elevated temperature bath with the aid of circulating air.
2.Any gum test carried out in accordance with an ASTM gum test procedure.
1.54ASTM MELTING POINT
The temperature at which wax first shows a minimum rate of temperature change, also known as the English melting point.
1.55ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
1.The pressure of air.
2.More specifically, the pressure of the air at sea level.
3.As a standard, the pressure at which the mercury barometer stands at 760mm, or 30in. (equivalent to approx. 14.7 psi).
1.56ATOM
The smallest complete particle of an element which can be obtained, yet retain all physical and chemical properties of the element. According to present theory, the atom consists of a nucleus of neutrons and positively charged protons, surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons.
1.57ATOMISE\
To divide a liquid into extremely minute droplets, either by impact with a jet of steam or compressed air, or by passing through some mechanical device.
1.58ATTEMPERATOR\
See Desuperheater.
1.59ATTRITION\
The act of wearing out by rubbing or grinding, or the state of being so worn or ground. Granular catalysts or absorbents may suffer such attrition as a result of movement.
1.60AUTO IGNITION POINT
The temperature at which the vapour given off by a sample will ignite in air without any ignition source.
1.61AVERAGE BOILING POINT
Unless otherwise indicated, the sum of the ASTM distillation temperatures in steps of 10C from the 10percent point to the 90percent point, inclusive, divided by 9. Sometimes half the initial and half the maximum distillation temperatures are also added, and the sum then divided by 10.
1.62AVGAS
High octane aviation gasoline for piston type engine. Not made by NZRC.
1.63AVIATION GASOLINE
Any of the special grades of gasoline suitable for use in certain aeroplane engines. Not made by NZRC.
1.64AVTAG
Wide range aviation turbine fuel, gasoline type, about identical to the JP 4 type fuel. Not made by NZRC.
1.65AVTUR
Kerosene type aviation turbine fuel, (Jet A1).
1.66AZEOTROPE
Two (or more) components are said to form an azeotrope if there is a mixture of those components which has no boiling range but whose boiling point and dew point are the same.
1.67AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION
A distillation process characterised by the fact that the relative position of the components boiling points is influenced by the addition of a compound which selectively forms an azeotrope with one or a group of the components. The added compound is called the azeotrope former. E.g. furfural, used in the extraction of aromatics, forms an azeotrope with water.
2B
2.1BACK PRESSURE
1. The pressure on the outlet or downstream side of a flowing system.
2.In an engine, the pressure which acts adversely against the piston, causing loss of power.
2.2BAFFLE
A partial restriction, generally a plate, located so as to change direction, guide the flow, or promote mixing within the equipment in which it is installed.
2.3BALANCED DRAUGHT
A method of furnace air control using both forced and induced draught fans.
2.4BAR OVER
To manually or mechanically rotate a compressor or turbine to ensure free movement or enable even heating/cooling.
2.5BAROMETER
An instrument employed to determine atmospheric pressure.
2.6BAROMETRIC CONDENSER