SYLLABUS: UNITS ONE-SIX
Numbers in parentheses refer to pages in the course materials.
Numbers preceded by SS refer to pages in the Statutory Supplement.
Numbers preceded by AA refer to pages in Massey & Denton, American Apartheid
UNIT I. INTRODUCTION TO THE STATUTES
Theories Of Statutory Interpretation
A. The Structure of the Statutes
1. Inclusive and Exclusive Statutes
a. Kramarsky v. Stahl Management (N.Y. Sup. 1977) (1-2)
b. 42 U.S.C. §1982 (SS1)
b. Discussion Questions 1-2 (2)
c. Marina Point, Ltd. v. Wolfson (Cal. 1982) (2-7)
e. Discussion Questions 3-7 (8)
2. Protected Characteristics
a. Sample Statutory Provisions
i) 42 U.S.C. §§3602, 3604(a) & (f)(1) (SS2-4)
ii) Wisc. Stat. §§106.50 (1) & (1m), 111.32(13m) (SS38-39, 42)
iii) Miami Beach Code §§62-31 & 62-32 (SS42-43)
b. Discussion Questions 8-11 (8)
2. Prohibited Conduct
a. Sample Statutory Provisions
i) 42 U.S.C. §§1982, 3604(a)-(e), 3605-06, 3617 (SS1, 4-6, 17)
ii) Wisc. Stat. §106.50 (2) & (2m) (SS39-40)
iii) Miami Beach Code §§62-88(a) & 62-89 (SS44-46)
b. Discussion Questions 12-14 (9)
B. Regulation of Dicrimination in Housing: Some History
1. American Apartheid Chapter 2 (AA17-59) (optional)
2. Buchanan v. Warley (U.S. 1917) (9-14)
3. Shelley v. Kramer (U.S. 1948) (14-20)
4. Fajer, A Time for Reflection (1998) (20-23)
5. Jones v. Alfred E. Mayer & Co. (U.S. 1968) (24-28)
C. Theories of Statutory Interpretation
1. Fuller, The Case of the Speluncean Explorers (1949) (28-46)
2. The Case of the Speluncean Explorers: Contemporary Proceedings (1993) (46-56)
3. Discussion Questions 15-16 (56)
4. Blatt, Interpretive Communities [Overview] (2001) (57-64)
5. Discussion Question 17 (64)
D. Concerns of People with Disabilities
1. Pudlow, Removing Barriers (2006) (64-68)
2. Brightman, Ordinary Moments (handout with excerpts)
3. Breaking Down Barriers (In-Class Video)
4. Statutes & Regulations (skim)
a. 42 U.S.C. §§3602(h), 3604(f), 12101-122211 (SS2, 4-5, 32-37)
b. 24 CFR §§100.200-205 (SS25-31)
c. Wisc. Stat. §106.50(2r) (SS40-41)
d. Miami Beach Code §62-88(b) (SS45-46)
5. Written Assignment I (On Course Page)
UNIT II. PROVING INTENTIONAL DISCRIMINATION
Dialogue Between Courts And Legislatures
A. Direct Proof
1. Introduction to Proof Issues (69-70)
2. Private Defendants
a. Sorenson v. Raymond (5th Cir. 1976) (70-72)
b. Discussion Questions 18-20 (72-73)
c. Marable v. H.Walker & Assoc. (5th Cir. 1981) (73-78)
d. Discussion Questions 21-22 (78)
3. Government Defendants
a. Resident Advisory Bd. v. Rizzo (3d Cir. 1977) (79-89)
b. Discussion Questions 23-26 (89)
B. The McDonnell-Douglas Burden Shift
1. Overview of the Burden-Shift (90-92)
2.American Apartheid Chapters 3-4 (AA60-114) (optional)
3. Cases Applying the Burden Shift
a. Asbury v. Brougham (10th Cir. 1989) (92-97)
b. Discussion Questions 27-29 (97)
c. Frazier v. Rominger (2d Cir. 1994) (97-101)
d. Discussion Questions 30-31 (101)
e. Pinchback v. Armistead Homes Corp. (4th Cir. 1990) (102-06)
f. Discussion Questions 32-35 (106)
C. Dialogue Between Courts and Legislatures
1. The Legislative Process
a. Eskridge & Frickey, How a Bill Becomes Federal Law (107-12)
b. Note: Dialogue Between Courts and Legislatures (112-16)
2. Statutory Interpretation Problem: Mixed Motives
a. Note: The Special Problem of Mixed Motives (117)
b. 42 U.S.C. §§2000e-2(m) & 2000e-5(g) (SS1-2)
c. Cato v. Jilek (N.D.Ill. 1991) (117-24)
d. Discussion Questions 36-41 (124-25)
D. Written Assignment II (On Course Page)
UNIT III. ACTIONABLE CONDUCT
Agency Interpretation of Statutes
A. Introduction to Agency Interpretation of Statutes
1. Fox, Understanding Administrative Law (4th ed. 2000) (excerpts) (125-42)
2. 24 CFR §§100.50-100.90 (SS20-25) (read for plot)
3. Discussion Question 43 (143)
B. Broker’s Offenses
1. Insurance Redlining
a.Statutes and Regulations
i) 42 U.S.C. 3604-05 (SS4-5)
ii) 24 CFR §100.70(d)(4) (SS23)
iii) Wisc. Stat. §106.50 (2)(e)(SS39)
iv) Miami Beach Code §62-88 (a)(5) & (7) (SS44)
b. Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co. v. Cisneros (6th Cir. 1995) (143-49)
c.Discussion Questions 44-47 (149)
2. Steering
a.Statutes & Regulations
i) 42 U.S.C. 3604 (a)-(d) (SS4)
ii) 24 CFR §100.70(c) (SS22)
b.HeightsCommunity Congress v. Hilltop Realty (6th Cir. 1985)
(Facts & Section III) (149-52)
c.Llanosv. Estate of Coelho (E.D. Cal. 1998) (155-58)
d.Discussion Questions 48-51 (158)
3. Blockbusting
a.Statutes and Regulations
i) 42 U.S.C. 3604(e) (SS4)
ii) 24 CFR §100.85 (SS24)
iii) Wisc. Stat. §106.50 (2m) (SS40)
iv) Miami Beach Code §62-88 (a)(9)-(11) (SS44-45)
b.HeightsCommunity Congress v. Hilltop Realty (6th Cir. 1985)
(Section IV) (152-54)
c. Discussion Questions 52-54 (158-59)
C.Freedom of Speech as a Defense
1. Brief Introduction To First Amendment Principles(159-60)
2. N.Y.State Ass’n of Realtors v. Shaffer (2d Cir. 1994) (160-68)
3. Discussion Questions 55-57 (168)
D.Discriminatory Advertising
1.Statutes and Regulations
a. 42 U.S.C. §3604(c) (SS4)
b. 24 CFR §100.75 (SS23)
c. Wisc. Stat. §106.50 (1m)(ad) & (2)(d) (SS38-39)
d. Miami Beach Code §62-88 (a)(6)(SS44)
2. Caselaw & Questions
a. United States v. Hunter (4th Cir. 1972) (168-73)
b. Ragin v. The N.Y. Times Co. (2d Cir. 1991) (173-80)
c.Discussion Questions 58-65 (181)
d. Saunders v. General Services Corp. (E.D.Vir. 1987) (182-89)
e.Discussion Questions 66-70 (190)
3. Written Assignment III (Posted on Course Page & Handout)
UNIT IV. DEFINITIONAL QUESTIONS (OCT 5-17)
Statutory Drafting
A. Definition of Race Under the Civil Rights Act of 1866
1.Protection for White People
a. McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transportation Co.(U.S. 1976) (191-96)
b. Discussion Questions 71-72 (196)
2. “Race” as Ethnicity
a. St.FrancisCollege v. Al-Khazraji (U.S. 1987) (196-99)
b. Discussion Questions 73-75 (200)
c.Shaare Tefila Congregation v. Cobb (U.S. 1987) (200-01)
d.Discussion Questions 76-78 (201)
3.Local Application
a.Cardona v. American Express (S.D. Fla. 1989) (201-203)
5.Discussion Questions 79-80 (203)
B. Definition of “Marital Status”
1. Statutory Provisions
a. Wisc. Stat.§106.50 (SS38)
b. Miami Beach Code §62-31 (“Marital Status”) (SS43)
2.County of Dane v. Norman (Wisc. 1993) (203-10)
3.Smith v. Fair Employment & Housing Comm’n (Cal. 1996) (210-15)
4.Discussion Questions 81-85 (215)
C. Introduction to Statutory Drafting
1. Eskridge & Frickey, Legislative Drafting (215-20)
2.Dickerson, Materials on Legal Drafting (220-29)
3.Statutory Drafting Exercises DX1-DX3 (229-30)
D. Definition of “Handicap” Under the FHAA
1. Statutes & Regulations
a. 42 U.S.C. §3602(h) & 3604(f)(9) (SS2, 4)
b. 24 CFR §100.201 (“Handicap”) (SS27)
2.Baxter v. City of Belleville (S.D. Ill. 1989) (230-37)
3.Discussion Questions 86-88 (237)
4.Franklin Building Corp. v. City of OceanCity (D.N.J. 1996) (238-41)
5.U.S. v. Southern ManagementCorp. (4th Cir. 1992) (241-48)
6. Discussion Questions 89-91 (248)
UNIT V. DEFENSES TO INTENTIONAL DISCRIMINATION
Canons of Construction
A. Constitutional Defenses
1. Religion
a. Swanner v. Anchorage Equal Rts. Comm’n (Alaska 1994) (249-60)
b.Discussion Questions 92-94 (260)
c. Written Assignment IV (On Course Page)
2. Privacy and Related Interests
a.State ex rel. Sprague v. City of Madison(Wisc.App.1996) (261-63)
b.Discussion Questions 95-97 (263)
B.Non-Statutory Defenses
1. Defenses to Sex Discrimination
a. U.S. v. Reece (D. Mont. 1978) (263-64)
b. Wisc. Stat. §106.50(5m)(em) (SS42)
c. Discussion Questions 98-99 (264-65)
d.Braunstein v. Dwelling Managers (S.D.N.Y. 1979) (265-69)
e.Discussion Questions 100-102 (269)
2. Integration Maintenance
a.American Apartheid Chapters 1, 5, 6, 7 (AA1-16, 115-216) (optional)
b.U.S. v. StarrettCity Associates (2d Cir. 1988) (269-79)
c.Discussion Questions 103-106 (279)
d.South-Suburban Housing Ctr. v. Gtr. So. Suburban Bd. of Realtors
(7th Cir. 1991) (279-84)
e.Written Assignment V (On Course Page)
C.Statutory Defenses
1.Religious/Private Club Exemptions
a.42 U.S.C. §§3602(b) & 3607(a) (SS2, 6)
b.U.S. v. Columbus Country Club (3d Cir. 1990) (284-94)
c. U.S. v. Lorantffy Carecenter (N.D. Ohio 1998) (294-96)
d.Discussion Questions 107-12 (297)
2.Smallholders’ Exemptions
a.42 U.S.C. §3603(b)-(c) (SS3-4)
b.Wisc. Stat. §106.50 (5m)(em) (SS42)
c.Singleton v. Gendason (9th Cir. 1976) (297-300)
d.Discussion Questions 113-16 (300)
e.Lamb v. Sallee (E.D. Ky. 1976) (300-02)
f.Hogar Agua y Vida en el Desierto v. Suarez-Medina (1st Cir. 1994) (302-09)
g..Discussion Questions 117-20 (309)
3.Occupancy Limits
a. 42 U.S.C. §3607(b)(1)(S8)
b.City of Edmonds v. Oxford House (U.S. 1995) (309-18)
c.Discussion Questions 121-25 (318)
D. Introduction to Canons of Construction
1. Blatt, Interpretive Communities and the Rules Governing Statutory Interpretation (2001)(319-21)
2. Written Assignment VI (On Course Page)
UNIT VI. NON-INTENTIONAL DISCRIMINATION
Legislative History
A.Disparate Impact Claims
1.Government Defendants
a.Huntington Branch NAACP v. Town of Huntington(2d Cir. 1988) (322-35)
b.Town of Huntington v. Huntington Branch NAACP (US 1988) (336-37)
c.Discussion Questions 126-30 (337)
2.Private Defendants
a.Betsey v. Turtle Creek Assoc. (4th Cir. 1984) (338-42)
b.Note: Statistics and Disparate Impact (342-43)
c.Discussion Questions 131-32 (344)
d. Congdon v. Strine (E.D. Penn. 1994) (344-48)
e.Discussion Questions 133-37 (348-49)
B.Introduction to Legislative History
1. Note: Using Legislative History (349-51)
2. Discussion Question 138 (351)
C.Reasonable Accommodations/Modifications for People with Disabilities
1. Statutes & Regulations
a. 42 U.S.C. §§3604(f) & 3615(SS4-5, 17)
b. 24 CFR §§100.202-204 (SS27-29)
2. The Meaning of “Reasonable Accommodation”
a. Shapiro v. Cadman Towers, Inc. (2d Cir. 1995) (352-58)
b. Discussion Questions 139-43 (358)
3. Physical Premises
a. Congdon v. Strine (E.D. Penn. 1994) (344-48)
b. U.S. v. Freer (W.D.N.Y. 1994) (358-60)
c. Discussion Questions 144-48(360-61)
4.Direct Threat & Related Defenses
a. 42 U.S.C. §3604(f)(9) (SS5)
b. Roe v. Sugar Mills Associates (D.N.H. 1993) (361-63)
c. Discussion Questions 149-50(363)
d. Bangerter v. Orem City Corp.(10th Cir. 1995) (364-71)
e.Discussion Questions 151-53 (371)
D. The Meaning of Anti-Discrimination Legislation
1. Two Problematic Cases
a. Pulcinella v. RidleyTownship (E.D. Penn. 1993) (371-74)
b. Mountain Side Mobile Estates v. Secretary of HUD (10th Cir. 1995) (374-77)
2.Key, The Star-Spangled Banner (1814) (378)