Chapter 23/Section 1

Latinos and NativeAmericans Seek Equality

Key Idea

The nation’s Latinos and Native Americansdemand greater equality.

In the 1960s, Latinos began to demand equalrights and respect for their culture and heritage.

·  Cesar Chavez organized the United FarmWorkers to boost wages and improveworking conditions.

·  By calling for a nationwideboycott of grapes, Chavez gained some improvements.

Responding to calls for greater recognition ofHispanics’ culture, Congress passed the BilingualEducation Act in 1968.

·  It funded bilingual andcultural programs for students who didn’t speakEnglish.

Native Americans also joinedtogether in the 1960s to work for change.

·  In 1961, a Declaration of Indian Purpose demanded the right for Native Americans tochoose their own way of life.

·  Others formed theAmerican Indian Movement (AIM) which confrontedthe government and sometimes resulted in violence.

·  Laws and court decisions gave Native Americansgreater rightsand renewed land rights.

Chapter 23/Section 2

Women Fight for Equality

Key Idea

A new feminist movement arises during the1960s, as women fight to improve their opportunities andstatus in society.

In the 1960s,a new feminist movement expanded theeffort for women’s rights to urge full social, political,and economic equality.

By1960, about 40 percent of all women worked outsidethe home.

·  They found certain jobs closedto them, and they were generally paid much lessthan men even for the same job.

·  Involvement inthe civil rights and antiwar movements ledmany women to actively seek improved status forthemselves.

Betty Friedan’s book—The Feminine Mystique—about the dissatisfactionof women helped inspire many to jointogether.

The 1964 Civil Rights Act included a ban ondiscrimination based on gender.

·  Friedan and othersformed the National Organization for Women(NOW) to actively seek equal rights.

A1973 Supreme Court decision, Roe v. Wade, granted women the right to choose an abortion.

·  The women’s movement failed, however, to winpassage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).

The women’s movement still made significant gains.

·  More women were attending law andmedical school

·  More women than ever served in state andnational governments.

Chapter 23/Section 3

Culture and Counterculture

Key Idea

Groups of disillusioned youth shun the socialactivism of the times and choose instead to “drop out”of society and establish their own way of life.

During the 1960s, many young people adoptedvalues that differed from those of mainstreamculture.

·  This counterculture—called “the hippie movement” —challenged the dominant American culture

·  Many channeled their energies intoprotesting the war in Vietnam.

·  Many flocked to places like the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco, and lived in communes, hoping to promote peace and love.

·  The main characteristics of this new life werenew music, colorful clothes, the use of drugs, and long hair.

A massive outdoor concert calledWoodstock was held in New York in 1969.

·  Attended by more than 400,000 people—far morethan expected—Woodstock became a symbol ofthe counterculture.

Continued drug use causedproblems and led to the deaths of two popularrock stars in 1970.

·  Finally, hippies found thatthey could not survive outside mainstream society.

·  While the hippie counterculture collapsed, ithad an impact on mainstream culture, especially art and fashion.

Millions ofmainstream Americans attacked the increasing permissivenessas a sign of moral decay and a threat to traditional values.

·  This helped Richard M. Nixon win the presidencyin 1968 and set the nation on a more politicallyconservative course.