Polymerinalkyd Resinha-1250

FileNo:NA/674March1999

NATIONALINDUSTRIALCHEMICALSNOTIFICATIONANDASSESSMENTSCHEME

FULLPUBLICREPORT

PolymerinAlkyd ResinHA-1250

ThisAssessmenthasbeencompiledinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheIndustrialChemicals(NotificationandAssessment)Act1989(theAct)andRegulations.ThislegislationisanActoftheCommonwealthofAustralia.TheNationalIndustrialChemicalsNotificationandAssessmentScheme(NICNAS)isadministeredbytheNationalOccupationalHealthandSafetyCommissionwhich alsoconductstheoccupationalhealth safety assessment.TheassessmentofenvironmentalhazardisconductedbytheDepartmentoftheEnvironmentandtheassessmentofpublichealthisconductedbytheDepartmentofHealthandAgedCare.

Forthepurposesofsubsection78(1)oftheAct,copiesofthisfullpublicreportmaybeinspectedbythepublicattheLibrary,NationalOccupationalHealthandSafetyCommission,92-94ParramattaRoad,CamperdownNSW2050,betweenthefollowinghours:

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Director

ChemicalsNotificationandAssessment

NA/674

FULLPUBLICREPORT

PolymerinAlkyd ResinHA-1250

1.APPLICANT

PPG IndustriesAustraliaPtyLtd of McNaughtonRoadCLAYTON VIC3168 has submitteda limited notificationstatementin supportof their applicationfor anassessment certificateforPolymerinAlkydResinHA-1250.

2.IDENTITYOFTHECHEMICAL

Thechemicalname,othername,CASnumber,molecularandstructuralformulae,molecularweight,spectraldata,detailsofthepolymercomposition,purity,impurities,andadditive/adjuvantsbeen exemptedfrompublicationintheFullPublicReportandtheSummaryReport.

TradeName:Alkyd Resin HA-1250

Number-Average

MolecularWeight(NAMW): 1000

Thenotifiedpolymerisinasolutionofsolventscomprisingxylene,n-butylalcoholandotheraromatichydrocarbons.

3.PHYSICALANDCHEMICALPROPERTIES

PhysicalandchemicaldatawerederivedfromAlkydResinHA-1250,theproductcontainingthenotifiedpolymerat60%,asthepolymerisnotisolatedfromitssolventsolution.

Appearance at 20°C

and101.3 kPa:colourlessviscousliquid

BoilingPoint:138-143C-seecommentbelow

SpecificGravity:1.05(1.17calculatedforpurepolymer)

VapourPressure:1kPa(solventcomponent)-seecommentbelow

WaterSolubility:notdetermined-seecommentbelow

PartitionCo-efficient

(n-octanol/water):notdetermined-seecommentbelow

HydrolysisasaFunction

ofpH:notdetermined-seecommentbelowAdsorption/Desorption: notdetermined-seecommentbelowDissociationConstant: notdetermined-seecommentbelowParticleSize: notapplicable

FlashPoint:37°C(solvent)

FlammabilityLimits:0.8-7%(solvent)AutoignitionTemperature:1-7°C(solvent)ExplosiveProperties: expectedtobestable

Reactivity/Stability:stable

CommentsonPhysico-ChemicalProperties

Thepolymerisneverisolatedasadefinedentitysodatagivenwasforthe60%solutionofthepolymerinsolvent.

Thenotifierclaimsthatbyanalogywithsimilar polymers,thepolymerisnotexpectedtobevolatileundertheconditionsofuse.Thepolymersolutionisalsoexpectedtoboilatthetemperature ofthesolvent,whilethevapourpressureofthepolymerispredictedtobe lowwith thevaluegivenabovethatofthe solvent.The water solubility was notdetermined,butthenotifierstatesthatthe polymeris expectedto beof lowsolubilitysinceit isnon-ionic,ofhighmolecularweightandcontainsahighlevelofaliphaticandhydrophobicgroups.Nodissociation constant datawasprovidedas the notifierclaims that the polymer hasno unitslikelytodissociate.

The polymercontains esterlinkageswhich could be expected to undergohydrolysisunderextremepHconditions.However,duetotheverylowwater solubility,thisisunlikelyintheenvironmentalpHrangeofbetween4and9.

Thedeterminationofpartitioncoefficientandadsorption/desorptioncouldnotbeundertakenasthenotifiedpolymerisexpectedtobeinsolubleinwaterandwilllargelypartitioninton-octanolratherthanwater.Due toitsverylowwater solubility, the polymerisexpectedtobecomeassociatedwiththeorganiccomponentofsoilsandsediments.Sinceitisof highmolecularweightitisnotexpectedtocrossbiologicalmembranesandwillnotbioaccumulate.

Thepolymersolutionisflammableduetothesolventcontent. ItisaClass3DangerousGood.

4.PURITYOFTHECHEMICAL

DegreeofPurity: / high
Additives/Adjuvants:
Additives / CAS Number / % Weight
xylene / 1330-20-7 / 10-29
aromatichydrocarbonsolvent / 64742-95-6 / 10-29
n-butylalcohol / 71-36-3 / 1-9

Degradation Products:stableundernormalconditionsofuse.

LossofMonomers,Additives,Impurities:

solventsmaybegraduallylostfromthesolventsolution,however,nolossofmonomerswilloccur

5.USE,VOLUMEANDFORMULATION

Thenotifiedpolymerisacomponentofpaintwhichwillbeappliedtomotorvehicles.

ThenotifiedpolymerwillinitiallybeimportedinsolutionfromEuropein paintproductcontainingupto30%ofpolymer.Itisexpectedthatafter2yearsthepolymersolution(a60%solutioninamixtureofsolvents)willbeeitherbeimportedfromEuropeormanufactured at the notifier’sresinplantin Australia. Itis expectedthat beyondyear2, upto80%ofthepolymerwillbeexportedaspaint.Estimatedimport/manufacturevolumesforthenotifiedpolymerwillbe1tonneinyear1and10-20tonnesduringyears2-5.

6.OCCUPATIONALEXPOSURE

Pre-preparedpaints containing the notified polymer willbe imported in 3.5, 4,15 and 20Ltinplatecans.Thenotifierhasprovidednodetailonthetypeofpackagingfortheoverallshipment ofimportedindividualcontainersorthehandlinginvolvedinbreakinguptheshipment intoindividualcontainersfordispatchtothecustomersites.Theindividualproductcontainersarenotexpectedtobeopenedbeforearrivalattheendusesiteandthatthelikelihoodofaspillislow.

Thepolymersolution,AlkydResinHA-1250,willinitiallybeimportedin200Lsteeldrums. Atalaterdate,thispolymersolutionmay belocallymanufacturedthen transferredforreformulationin200Lsteeldrums.

Waterfront,transportandwarehouse workers arenotexpectedtobe exposed tothenotifiedpolymerexceptinthecaseofanaccidentinvolvingspillageofthepaintorresinsolution.

Thelaboratory development, polymer manufactureandreformulationintocoatings,alongwiththewarehousestorage,willallbecarriedoutatasinglesitewithinAustralia.

Forallscenarios, skincontaminationwillbethemainroute ofexposuretothenotifiedpolymer.Duringhandlingofthepolymertothenotifiedsolution,thegenerationofmistsleading to possible inhalational exposure is unlikelydue to the highlyviscous nature ofthepolymersolution.However,inhalationalexposuremayoccurduringspraypainting.

LaboratoryDevelopment

Thenotifierindicatedthat6laboratoryworkerswouldbeinvolvedintrialsforthemanufactureofthepolymerandthemanufactureandtestingofpaint.Thepotentialexposurewouldbeforupto8hoursperday,for10to20daysperyear.Exposurewouldbebyskincontactduringthehandlingofsmallquantitiesofthepolymersolutionandpaint.Theuseofappropriatelaboratoryventilationfacilitiesandpersonalprotectiveequipmentsuchaslaboratorycoatandsafetyglasseswouldbeexpected.

PolymerManufacture

Thepolymermanufacture,whencommenced,willinvolve9workersforupto8hoursperday, 10 days peryear.Thereactants and solventswill beadded toanenclosed reactor, andthe resultantpolymer solutionwillbefiltered andfilled into 200L steeldrums. During thefilling process, there is potential for dermal exposure to thepolymer solutionin theform ofdripsandspills.Asthepolymer solutionwillbeviscous,theformationofaerosolsisunlikely.

Thefillingwillbecarriedoutunderlocalexhaustventilationtopreventexposuretothesolvents.Workerswillwearimperviousgloves,coverallsandgoggles,with additionalpersonalprotectiveequipmentbeingusedasrequired.

Reformulation(PaintManufacture)

Thereformulationofpolymersolutionintopaintcomponents,whencommenced,willinvolve9workersforupto8hoursperday,30daysperyear.Threegroupsofworkerswillbeinvolvedintheprocess:paintmixing,qualitycontrolanddrumorcanfilling.Themixersusedforpreparingthepaintwillbeenclosedandfittedwithlocalexhaustventilation.Dermalexposureto thepolymer will bepossible at several pointsthroughouttheprocess;chargingthepolymersolutionintothemixer,removalandtestingofqualitycontrolsamples,anddrips and spillsduring thepaint filtrationand filling.The formationof aerosolsduring the highspeedmixingwillbeunlikelybecauseoftheviscosityofthemixture.

Themixingandfillingwillbecarriedoutunderlocalexhaustventilationtopreventexposuretothesolvents.Workerswillwearimperviousgloves,coverallsandgoggles,withadditionalpersonalprotectiveequipmentbeingusedasrequired.

EndUse

Thenotifierestimatesthatasmanyas6000spraypaintersinupto3000establishmentsacrossAustraliacould be exposed to the notifiedpolymer.The exposure is estimated tobeforupto4hoursperday,forupto220daysperyear.

Thespray painterswho will beexposed tothenotifiedchemical will befully TAFEtrained.Typicallythespraypainterwillmeasuretheappropriateamounts ofthe differentcomponentsrequiredinaparticularformulationintoanopencontainerandpourthismixtureintoaspraygun.Thesprayingoftheautomobilewillbecarriedoutinalaminarflowdowndraftsprayboothwhichisdesignedtorapidlyremoveaerosolparticlesandsolventvapourfromtheatmosphere.Severalpossibleboothdesignsmaybeused.Inadryfloorbooth,theoverspraywillbecollectedinfilterscontainedinthe floorofthebooth; anyunremovedparticulates will reachtheexhauststack with the solvent vapours.In a wet floorbooth,overspraywillcollectinapoolofwaterbelowthegrillfloororinawetscrubberintheexhaust andwill beremoved witha filter.Theresidual solidswill bedisposed oftosecurelandfill.ThesprayboothsaresubjecttoAS/NZS/4114.1:1995SprayPaintingBooths–Design,ConstructionandTestingandAS/NZS/4114.1:1995SprayPaintingBooths–Selection,InstallationandMaintenance.Afterapplicationofthepaint,theautomobilewillbeheatedtocurethecoating.

Residual paintmixture willbewashedfrom theequipment manually, usingrecycled paintsolvent,andthewashingswillbedisposedofbysolventrecyclers.

Once residualfinal paintmixturehas dried,thenotified polymerwill be irreversiblyboundwithinthecuredmatrixandnotseparatelyavailableforeitherexposuretoworkers,orfordermalabsorption.

Spraypainterswillwear appropriatepersonalprotectiveequipmentatalltimes;imperviousglovesandanti-staticflameretardantoverallswhilemixingthepaint,and,inaddition,afullfaceshieldandrespiratorconforming toAS/NZS1715andAS/1716whileinside the spraybooth.

7.PUBLICEXPOSURE

Paintcontaining thenotifiedpolymerwillnotbeavailable tothepublic.Public exposurefromimportation,manufactureandpaintapplicationisexpectedtobenegligible.

Thegeneralpublicmaycomeincontactwiththecuredpaint,butthehighmolecularweightofthepolymerandphysico-chemicalpropertiesofthecuredcoatingwillprecludeabsorptionofthenotifiedchemicalacrossbiologicalmembranes,

8.ENVIRONMENTALEXPOSURERelease

Thereispotentialforreleaseduringthepolymermanufacture,thepaintformulationandthepaintapplication.The manufacturingandformulation processeswill take place at thePPGplantandanyspillsthatoccurwillbecontainedbytheplantbunding.Paintisappliedtomotor vehicles with approximately30% efficiency ina spraybooth with control measures,suchasafilteringsystem and maskingmaterials,inplace.Theresultingsurface coat isheatcured. Cleaningofthespraygunand mixing equipment willgeneratewastewhichwillbecollectedanddisposedofinthesamemanneraswastewaterfromthespraybooth.

Duringthemanufacturingandformulation processes,thenotifier estimatesthat upto 400kgper yearofwastepolymer wouldbegeneratedatthe PPGplant. During paintapplication itisexpectedthat700kgofpolymerwasteduringthefirstyearand2800kgofwasteduringsubsequentyearswillbeproduced.

Someresidue(2%ofthecontainercontents)willalsoremaininthe‘empty’containersafteruse.Itisestimatedthat20kginthefirstyearand80kgannuallyinsubsequentyearswillremainasresidueinthecontainers.

Fate

Thepolymer,aspartoftheautomotivesurfacecoating,willsharethefateofthevehiclepanel,potentiallybeingrecycledasscrap.Incinerationofthepaintfilmwouldemitnoxiousfumesincludingoxidesofcarbon.

Thesolid wastegenerated in themanufacturing,formulationandapplicationof thecoatingwillbedisposedtolandfill(althoughincinerationisanoption).Itisassumedthatthepolymerisrecoveredasaninsolublesolidfromthewastewaterusedforcleaningandalsodisposedoftolandfill.Thecontainersandtheirresiduewillalsobedisposedinthismanner.Leachingofthepolymerfromlandfillfromthesesitesisunlikely,giventhelowsolubilityofthesubstance.

Hydrolysisis theoretically possiblebecauseofthe presenceofester groups in the polymer,butisunlikelygiventhemildenvironmentalpHrange(pH4to9).Thepolymerisnotexpectedtocrossbiologicalmembranes,duetothelowsolubilityandhighmolecularweight,andassuchshouldnotbioaccumulate(Connell,1989).

9.EVALUATIONOFTOXICOLOGICALDATA

Notoxicologicaldatawereprovided.

10.ASSESSMENTOFENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS

Noecotoxicologydatawereprovided.

11.ASSESSMENTOFENVIRONMENTALHAZARD

The polymer crosslinks withother paintcomponents to forma veryhigh molecularweightandstablepaintfilmthatadheresfirmlytotheprimerlayertowhichitisapplied.Thepolymer,aspartofthissurfacecoating,willthereforesharethefateofthevehiclepanel.Thepaint film will slowlydeteriorate under the action ofUV light, but this would benegligibleoverthelifeofthemotorvehicle.Whenthevehicle panelisrecycled,thepolymerwouldbedestroyedthroughincineration.

The majority ofnotified polymerassociatedwith wastefrom theapplication of thepaint totheautomotivesurfaceshouldnotentertheenvironmentuntilitisdisposedoftolandfill.Movement of the polymer by leachingfrom landfillsites is not expectedbecause of the lowwatersolubilityandhighbindingaffinitytosoilorcross-linkinginthecuredpaint.

Intheeventofaccidentalspillageofthepolymersolutionintowaterways,thepolymerisnotexpected to disperse into the water, but settle outonto sediments. If the polymer is spilt onland,eitherduringusage ortransport,itisexpectedtobecome immobilisedinthesoil layer.Contaminatedsoilcanthenbecollectedanddisposedoftolandfill.

Giventheabove,environmentalexposureandtheoverallenvironmentalhazardisexpectedtobelow.

12.ASSESSMENTOFPUBLICANDOCCUPATIONALHEALTHANDSAFETYEFFECTS

Thenotifiedpolymerhasahighmolecularweightandisunlikelytocrossbiologicalmembranesandcauselocalorsystemichealtheffects.Thelevelofindividualresidualmonomers is low.Thelevel oflow molecular weightspeciesishighandthe toxicologicalhazardsoftheselowmolecularspecieswerenotinvestigatedbythenotifier.However,when embeddedin thecuredpaint coatingon motorvehiclestheyareunlikely to be bioavailable.Onthelimitedavailabledata,thenotifiedpolymerwouldnotbeclassifiedasahazardoussubstanceaccordingtotheNOHSCApprovedCriteriaforClassifyingHazardousSubstances(NationalOccupationalHealthandSafetyCommission,1994a).

Thepolymer solutionAlkyd ResinHA-1250, aSchedule 5poison accordingto theMSDS, isahazardoussubstanceanddangerousgood(flammableliquid)becauseofpresenceofxylene.TheMSDSforthepolymersolutionlistsanumberofpotentialhealtheffects,namelynausea,vomiting,skin,eyeandrespiratoryirritation,centralnervoussystemdepressionandchroniccentralnervoussystem disorders.Theserelatetothesolvents,ratherthanthenotifiedpolymer. The notifier is responsible for ensuring that Alkyd Resin HA-1250 is

appropriatelylabelled,aspertheNOHSCNational Codeof practicefortheLabellingofWorkplaceSubstances(NationalOccupationalHealthandSafetyCommission,1994b).

OccupationalHealthandSafety

There is little potentialfor significantoccupational exposure to thenotifiedpolymer in thetransportandstorageofthe paintcomponentscontainingthispolymer.Therewillbeexposureduringthemanufactureandreformulationofthepolymer,duringthelocalproductionofthepaintcomponents,andintheuseanddisposalofthepaints.

Duringthemanufactureandreformulationprocesses,themainexposurerouteforthenotifiedpolymerwill bedermal.Thepaintsandpolymer solutions will beviscous,andformationofaerosolsisnotexpected.Thepolymerisnotexpectedtobehazardousbydermalexposureas thehighmolecularweightwillprecludeabsorptionthroughtheskin.Protectivemeasuresusedto prevent exposure tothe hazardous solventsshouldprovide sufficientprotection againstthenotifiedchemical.

Thefinalpaintmix,includingthepre-preparedpaintcontainingthenotifiedpolymer,couldcontainawidevarietyofadditionalingredientsoncefullymixed.Thisislikelytointroducehumanhealthhazardsbecause,apartfromarangeofpotentiallytoxicsolvents,otherhazardingredientsmay be present.The spraying procedurealso producesadense aerosol of paintparticleswhichwouldadverselyaffecthumanhealthevenintheabsenceofadditionalhazardouscomponents.It is alsoprobablethatprofessionalsinvolved in thespraypaintingindustrywilluseanumberofdifferentpaintformulations.

Forthese reasons, thenotified polymer mustbe assessedfor the contributionit makes tothehazardsassociated withuseofthespraypaints. Thepresenceofmanypotentialand actualhazardoussubstancesintheformulationsrequirestheuseofstringentengineeringcontrols,suchasacorrectlyconstructed andmaintained spraybooth,andofahighlevelof personalprotectiveequipment,suchasimpermeableoverallsandglovesandafullfaceshieldandrespirator.TheuseofthepaintcontainingthenotifiedpolymershouldbeinaccordancewiththeNOHSCDraftNationalCodeofPracticeforSprayPainting(NationalOccupationalHealthandSafetyCommission,1991).Thelevelofprotectionfromexposureaffordedbythestandardprotective measures willprovide adequate protection fromthenotifiedpolymer,whichislikelytobelessintrinsicallytoxicthanmostofthesolvents,pigmentsandotheringredients.

Oncetheappliedfinal paintmixhashardened, thepolymerwillnot be separately availableforexposureorabsorption.

ThereareNOHSCexposurestandardsforn-butylalcoholandxylene,identifiedasingredientsinAlkydResinHA-1250.Theemployerisresponsibleforensuringthattheseexposurestandards,andexposurestandardspertainingtoother finalpaintmixadditives,arenotexceededintheworkplace.

The paint componentscontaining the notifiedpolymer areflammableduetotheir solventcontent.Precautionsmustbetakentoavoidsourcesofignition,e.g.useofearthing leads.Operatorsshouldwearantistaticoverallsandfootwear.

Similarconsiderationsapplyinthedisposalof the polymer.The wastes containingthenotifiedpolymermaybehazardoussubstancesonthebasisofthesolventandotherresincontent,andtheprecautionsusedonthebasisoftheseadditionalmaterialsshouldbeadequatefor protection fromthe notified polymer.In addition, muchof the polymerwill becrosslinked,hardenedandimmobilisedbythetimeofdisposal.

PublicHealth

Thenotifiedpolymerorpaintcontainingthepolymerwillnotbeavailabletothepublic.Negligiblepublicexposureisanticipatedfrommanufacture,reformulationorpaintapplication.Publiccontactwiththecuredpaintonmotorvehiclebodiesmayoccur;however,thehighmolecularweightofthenotifiedpolymer,theadhesionofpainttothesubstrateandthephysico-chemicalpropertiesofthecuredcoatingwillprecludeabsorptionofthenotifiedpolymeracrossbiologicalmembranes.Intheeventofaccidentalspillage,adequateclean-upprocedures areprovidedintheMSDS.Basedonitsusepattern andphysico-chemicalcharacteristics,thenotifiedchemicalwillnotposeasignificanthazardtopublichealthwhenusedintheproposedmanner.

13.RECOMMENDATIONS

To minimiseoccupationalexposure tothe Polymer inAlkyd Resin HA-1250the followingguidelinesandprecautionsshouldbeobserved:

• Employersshould ensurethatNOHSC exposurestandards forallof thecomponentsofthefinalpaintmixarenotexceededintheworkplace;

• Safetygogglesshould beselectedandfitted inaccordancewithAustralianStandard(AS)1336(StandardsAustralia,1994)tocomplywithAustralian/NewZealandStandard(AS/NZS)1337(StandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealand,1992);

• IndustrialclothingshouldconformtothespecificationsdetailedinAS2919(StandardsAustralia,1987)andAS3765.2(StandardsAustralia,1990);

• ImpermeableglovesormittensshouldconformtoAS2161(StandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealand,1998);

• AlloccupationalfootwearshouldconformtoAS/NZS2210(StandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealand,1994b);

• RespiratorshouldconformtoAS/NZS1715(StandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealand,1994a);

• Spillage of thenotified chemicalshould be avoided.Spillages should be cleaneduppromptlywithabsorbentswhichshouldthenbeputintocontainersfordisposal;

• Goodpersonalhygieneshouldbepractisedtominimisethepotentialforingestion;

• AcopyoftheMSDSshouldbeeasilyaccessibletoemployees.

14.MATERIALSAFETYDATASHEET

TheMSDSforthenotifiedchemical wasprovidedinaformatconsistent withtheNationalCodeofPracticeforthePreparationofMaterialSafetyDataSheets(NationalOccupationalHealthandSafetyCommission,1994c).

ThisMSDSwasprovidedbytheapplicantaspartofthenotificationstatement.Itisreproducedhere asamatter of public record.The accuracy of thisinformationremains theresponsibilityoftheapplicant.

15.REQUIREMENTSFORSECONDARYNOTIFICATION

Underthe Act, secondarynotificationofthenotifiedchemicalshall berequiredifanyofthecircumstancesstipulatedundersubsection64(2)oftheActarise.Nootherspecificconditionsareprescribed.

16.REFERENCES

ConnellDW(1989)Generalcharacteristicsoforganiccompoundswhichexhibitbioaccumulation.In:D.W.Connelled.Bioaccumulation ofXenobioticCompounds.CRCPress,BocaRaton.

NationalOccupationalHealthandSafetyCommission(1991)DraftNationalCodeofPracticeforSprayPainting.Canberra,AustralianGovernmentPublishingService.

NationalOccupationalHealthandSafetyCommission(1994a)ApprovedCriteriaforClassifyingHazardousSubstances[NOHSC:1008(1994)].Canberra,AustralianGovernmentPublishingService.

NationalOccupationalHealthandSafetyCommission(1994b)NationalCodeofPracticefortheLabellingofWorkplace Substances[NOHSC:2012(1994)].Canberra,AustralianGovernmentPublishingService.

NationalOccupationalHealthandSafetyCommission(1994c)NationalCodeofPracticeforthePreparation ofMaterial SafetyDataSheets[NOHSC:2011(1994)].Canberra,AustralianGovernmentPublishingService.

StandardsAustralia(1987)AustralianStandard2919-1987,IndustrialClothing.Sydney,StandardsAssociationofAustralia.

StandardsAustralia(1990)AustralianStandard3765.1-1990,ClothingforProtectionagainstHazardousChemicalsPart1ProtectionagainstGeneralorSpecificChemicals.Sydney,StandardsAssociationofAustralia.

StandardsAustralia (1994)Australian Standard1336-1994,Eyeprotection intheIndustrialEnvironment.Sydney,StandardsAssociationofAustralia.

StandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealand(1992)Australian/NewZealandStandard1337-1992,EyeProtectorsforIndustrialApplications.Sydney/Wellington,StandardsAssociationofAustralia/StandardsAssociationofNewZealand.

StandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealand(1994a)Australian/NewZealandStandard1715- 1994,Selection,UseandMaintenanceofRespiratoryProtectiveDevices.Sydney/Wellington,StandardsAssociationofAustralia/StandardsAssociationofNewZealand.

StandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealand(1994b)Australian/NewZealandStandard2210- 1994,OccupationalProtectiveFootwear.Sydney/Wellington,StandardsAssociationofAustralia/StandardsAssociationofNewZealand.

StandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealand(1998)AS/NZS2161.2:1998Occupationalprotectivegloves,Part2:Generalrequirements,StandardsAustralia/StandardsNewZealand.