World History and Geography

World History and Geography

Exam Review 2nd hour Semester 1, 2012-13

Ancient Civilizations & Major World Religions (chapters 1-7)

1-Hinduism- Origins: prehistoric India, Holy books: The Vedas are considered sacred, Major beliefs: one god who can take many forms; goal: to achieve moksha; reincarnation; nonviolence
Judaism- Origins: Palestine, Holy Books: The Torah, Major Beliefs: One God, Ten Commandments; the Torah as gods revelation & the plan for proper living
Buddhism- Origins: Northern India, Holy books: the Tripitaka, Major Beliefs: Four Noble Truths; the eightfold path; goal: to reach nirvana
Daoism- Origins: China, Holy Books: Tao Te Chuang Tze, Major Beliefs: Natural spontaneity; desire for harmony; sense of the absurd
Christianity- Origins: palestine, Holy Books: The Bible, Major Beliefs: One god; Jesus, son of god & redeemer of human kind
Islam- Origins: -Origins: Arabia, Holy books: The Quran, Major Beliefs: One powerful God, Prophet is Muhammed, Five Pillars of Islam
2-The first cities emerged in river valleys, near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
3-They grew crops near a river, basic form a government, every man shared there food.
4- the agricultural revolution affected women's lives, an increase of population and more demand for food.
5- an artifact is a historical object. An archeologist finds and analyzes physical remains left by early people.
waters,Grant Drake, Hadyn Johnston, Drew González

European Middle Ages (Chapters 8 &9)

1: The Magna Carta limited power to the king by not allowing him to raise taxes without the consent of the people that had to pay it. the Magna Carta is a document that limits the power of the upper class. It allows the promise to protect the freedom of the church. the French Estates General did not need approval to tax people.
2: The important characteristics of feudalism:
Feudalism is the dominant social system of Middle Ages Europe in which land and security was granted by someone higher than you.
Coming out of Dark Ages, people were very afraid of attacks from Vikings coming from the north. Wealthy people began granting land to knights, and protection to serfs. At the very top was the king. He granted land to nobles who owned an army of protection. The noble would grant land and wealth to anyone who would fight to protect their land. They were called knights. Below everyone; stood the peasants. The peasants farmed the land and payed rent in exchange for protection from the invaders.
3: The Church in medieval times was Catholic and it took control to give salvation to the people. The Church also started many crusades to gain back the Holy Land. Most failed but one a success.
4: The Crusades were an attempt by the Catholic church to re-gain control, authority and power over provinces in the Middle-East. The Crusades allowed Arabian medical practices and architectural knowledge to be transferred to the West. Conquered towns helped to provide extra income for the treasury from furs, ivory and spices. It was uplift to Christians worldwide, knowing their sacred place of worship was securely in the hands of fellow believers. The Crusades were a failure because the Jews started with Jerusalism and they also ended up in control of it when the Crusades were over.
5:The bubonic plague had a severe impact on Europe, killing over a third of the population in an area that was already weakened by war, famine, a struggling church structure. The plague decimated the workforce. In most places, it took over 100 years for the population to bounce back. It spread from the fleas an rats and then people not being clean.
6: New business practices that began as a result of the Commercial Revolution are: Partnerships & Joint Stock Company, Banks, Bills of Exchange, and Insurance
7. Vocab:
Guilds- Assoctiation of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect there economic interest.
Theology- The study of religion.
Secular - Having to do with worldly, rather then religious matters.
Vernacular- Everyday language of ordinary people.

Byzantine Empire and Russia Chapter 10

1.Where was the Byzantine empire located?
In the eastern provinces and a little bit in the western provinces. A division of other countries empires.
2. What was Thea religion of the Byzantine empire and of Russia? What branch of religion does it come from?
Eastern Orthodox, and from Christianity.
3. Who was Justinian and Theodora? Why were they important?
They were the rulers of the Byzantine empire, they split Christianity into the roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox. He was brilliant with his architectural structures.
4. What society influenced early Russia?
The Byzantine empire.
5. What was important about about the cities of Kiev and Moscow?
Moscow was the capital and Kiev was destroyed by the Mongols.
6. What were important about Russian resources? What type of resources were available?
Firewood and coal were important because of the cold climate, wood coal and gold were abundant.
7. What did Ivan the great and Ivan the terrible believe about the czar's power to rule?
Ivan the terrible believed in more land, more power. He turned the the state into a country, and the first person to be crowned king of Russia. Ivan the great believed that the czar souls have absolute powers of Russia.
8. Vocab terms: Boyars, czar, autocrat, icons, patriarch.

Boyars: A member of higher class and nobility.
Czar: the leader of Russia.
Autocrat: a ruler that has complete power.
Icons:a representation of of a sanctified Christian personage used in the Eastern Orthodox Church
Patriarch: male head of family or tribe.

9. What is eastern Rome? It is we're the Byzantine empire was.
What is Byzantium? An Ancient Greek city foundered in the seventh century which is now current day Istambul.
What are Muslims? They are believers and followers of Islam.

The Mongols Chatper 10 &13

Pax Mongolia - a Latin phrase meaning Mongol peace ,used to describe the eased communication and commerce, lasted through the 13th century ended with the out break of the Black Death
Nomad- hunters and gatherers no fixed home, moves were the food goes
Yuan empire- imperial dynasty of china, ruled for over 300 years, conquered the most land
Who was Marco Polo? - an Italian merchant who traveled Europe and Asia
What did he do? - he went on a 27 year voyage and stayed in china for 17 years in kublai's service. He wrote stories of his adventure and created maps based on his voyage
Why were his stories important?- maps of Europe and Asia became more accurate, inspired Europeans to explore the world more, process of ending isolation in Europe due to the dark ages.
What the Mongols enjoyed most about life? How did they practice warfare?
The Mongols used bows, arrows and tiny horses to travel fast and used the horses for milk. The Mongols used composition bows that were light and easy to carry and used pointed iron head bows that were heavier but could travel 200 meters and go through the armor of the other soldiers. Not only did they use bows and arrows they used every sort of weapon so they were prepare for any kind of attack. That's what made them different from other armies.
The Mongols trained to be skilled warriors starting at the age of 15. And would raise horses until they were ready to be put into war. The Mongols were fierce conquerors and were generally tolerable rulers. Russian princes acknowledge the Mongols as their overlords so that shows how much respect that the Mongols received from countries.
Who is Genghis Khan & why was he important ? What does his name mean ?
Genghis Khan ruled the Mongols from 1185 until 1227. He is known for unifying the trade route know as the Silk Road. He was a brutal leader, whose name means "Ruler of All".
What was the impact of the Mongol domination ?
Part of the Mongol legacy was their unification of large regions of land such as Eastern & Western Russia, & Western parts of China. But while they united some, many cultures were isolated, such as the princes in Russia. The Mongols also helped to spread the plague to places they traded with. After Mongol invasion, China's population decreased by 40%.

The Rise and Spread of Islam chapter 11

1.Muhammed was the founder and prophet of Islam. He was born an orphan, then later in his life married a wealthy widow. One day he was spoken to by the "Angel of Gabriel" and decided to spend the rest of his life teaching Islamic beliefs.
2. Islam originated in the town of Mecca, in Saudi Arabia.
3. They had five pillars. Practiced "Ramadan" where they did don't eat from sunrise to sunset, this lasted for about a month. The Quran says that men and women are equal, and that's what Muhammad taught, but later on the Sharia law was developed and the roles of women dropped and they started to put women under men, saying they shouldn't have jobs, they shouldn't leave the house without a man, and other things like that but at the same time, men felt like it was their duty to protect the women.
4. Definitions:
Hajj- The pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim is required to make at least once in their life.
Mosque- A Muslim place of worship.
Quran- Sacred writings of Islam revealed by god to a prophet.
Caliph- A leader of an Islamic polity regarded as a successor of Muhammed.
Sunni- The largest branch of Islam.
Shiite- A member of the branch of Islam that regards all and his descendants as the legitimate successors to Muhammed and rejects the first three califs.
Sharia- The body of doctrines that regulate the lives of those who profess Islam.
Dar al-Islam- Areas where Muslims are in the majority.
Sufi- a believer of any of various Muslims mystical orders of teachings.
Sultan- Ruler of Muslim country, especially of the former Ottoman Empire.

5. The Ottoman Empire was located in Turkey, and the Savid Empire covered all of Iran and parts of Turkey.
6. Abbas the Great created peace between the two empires.
7. The Mughal Empire was in Central India.
8. The Muslim conquest expanded from Spain to east Persia. They advanced mathematics, astonomy, philosophy, and medicine.
9. Babur was the first Emperor in the Mughal Empire, he tried to take over Northwest India.
10. Akbar gave more religious freedom.

AfricanKingdoms and Civilizations (chapter 12)
1. know why Axium(Ethiopia) is unique compared to the rest of the main African tribes and early civilizations- It's Christianity, the only one that wasn't taken over by Muslim control.

2.VOCAB;
Bantu migrations- the movement of Bantu speaking people from their original homeland (craddleland) to their current homelands.
Savanna- Africa's largest and most populated climate zone
Desertification- process by which fertile or semi-desert land becomes desert
Gold/salt trade- when people north of the Sahara trade salt for gold with the people south of the Sahara.
Nuclear family-a family unit consisting of two parents and their socially recognized children.

2.Who was mansa musa and what was he known for? Why would he make his trip?
Mansa Musa was the king of the Mali empire of West Africa. Mansa musa was known for his fabulous pilgrimage to Mecca and for his promotion of unity and prosperity within Mali.
He would make his trip because it was part of his pilgrimage that every person in his religon had to at a certain time in their lifetime.

Where are the Nile and Niger rivers?
The Nile is in Africa and it runs through the Sahara desert and the savana. The Niger River goes the the savannaand parts of the rainforest in Africa.
- Alexis Redmond & Jalen weekley

East Asian Civilizations

1.vocabulary
Pagoda- a Hindu or Buddhist temple or sacred building, typically a many tiered tower in India and the Far East.
Tributary States- independent state that has to acknowledge the supremacy of another state and pay tribute to its ruler.
Archipelago- a large group or chain of islands
Haiku- a Japanese poem of seventeen syllables in three lines of five seven and five.
Samurai- member of the warrior class in Japanese feudal society.
Shogun- Japanese feudal system's supreme military commander who holds more power than the commander
Daimyo- one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun
Bushido- the code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai

2. Ming/Song Dynasties
It is distinguished by enormous commercial growth
during the Song there was enormous growth of Chinese population
Urbanization accompanies commercial growth and Chinese cities are the largest and most sophisticated in the world at this time.
3. How do Bushido differ from chivalry?
Bushido is about being loyal to the people above you and chivalry is the same, but includes being faithful to God and women.
4. What country practiced foot binding? How was this practice used for upward mobility? How was it used to restrict? How was it used as a sign of wealth?
Foot binding was practiced in China. Smaller feet were symbol a symbol of elegance. When you had smaller feet you were married to richer people, moving up classes. Women couldn't walk with their feet bound because their feet were broken into strange shapes.
5. Describe the system of feudalism in China and Japan
In Japanese feudalism, the lowest class is the merchants, Artisans, peasants, monks, then Samurai, Daimyo, and Shogun at the top.
In china, the emperor was at the top, then nobles, then peasants. They both have the same general pattern.
6. Why is geography of Japan significant?
It's surrounded by water, so it is hard to attack.
Which country is referred to as the HermitKingdom?
Korea.

The Renaissance and Scientific Revolution Chapter 14

1. Humanism: intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance that focused on wordly subjects rather than on religious issues.

2. Parton: Pearson who provides financial support for the arts.

3. Heliocentric: based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe.

Group the renaissance and scientific revolution

4. Isaac Newton is significant because he discovered and invented the law of gravity.

5. Nicolas Copernicus is significant because created the first heliocentric model.

6. Johannes Kepler is significant because he proved that planets traveling an ellipse around the sun.

7. Leonardo Da Vinci is significant because he was the first to create autonomy drawings.

8. Michelangelo is significant because was a famous artist that made the colossal statue do David.

9. Lorenzo de Medici a patron of the art.

10. William Shakespeare was a famous author. Where? What did he write?

11. Gutenberg was a famous inventor of What?????

12. The Renaissance meaning is "rebirth." It was the beginning of modern times. With creativity and change in many areas. From 1300-1600. It started in Italy because it was the center of roman history, the city survived the Middle Ages, and it was the natural reawakening to start there. People had more time to spend painting, sculpting and writing, new artists came about during to time like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.

13. The scientific revolution is significant because it’s the starting point of science. When historical changes started occurring in thoughts and beliefs. It leads to people looking at the world differently . Also lead to reasoning and knowledge was replacing religion.

Mapping and Geography

Study your world map