Zambia: Survey of Producer and Industry Associations on Agro-Food Trade and Standards

Survey of Government Agencies

Background and Purpose

With the decline in traditional barriers to trade such as tariffs and quotas, there has been heightened interest in the impact of technical standards on trade in agricultural and food products. These include sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures as well as other technical requirements (i.e. labelling; environmental impact assessment). While not having the restriction of trade as their primary objective, there is evidence that many such measures can, in fact, act as a barrier to trade.[1] The realization that these measures can affect competitiveness and impede trade has focused attention on SPS management capacity needs. There are concerns that developing countries lack the technical and/or administrative capabilities to comply with emerging requirements. As a result, such countries may fail to fully realize the benefits from on-going trade reforms and from the expanding international and regional opportunities for trade in higher value food and agricultural products.

Part of this work involves gauging the perceptions of different stakeholders regarding (i) the (relative) significance of SPS and quality management constraints for overall competitiveness and market access, (ii) the current strengths and weaknesses in local capacities in this area, and (iii) priority areas for near-term institutional reform and investment. This specific questionnaire seeks input from the country’s various producer and industry associations. This information is being gathered in order to compare and contrast stakeholder views on the main issues and to identify specific constraints or potential priority measures that the assessment team will subsequently focus its attention on. The results of the overall assessment will provide (re-) direction for existing and upcoming resource commitments by the donor community to strengthen capacities and coordination in this field.

Please be assured that the specific responses provided by you/your organization will remain confidential and not be attributed to you/your organization. The responses from various organizations will be aggregated together into a composite picture. If you have any specific questions regarding the questionnaire or the use of the information that you provide, please contact Mirvat Sewadeh or Steven Jaffee of the World Bank.

I. Profile

1. / a. / Name of Government Agecy/Organization/ / -

b.

Address

/ -
2. / a. / Contact person (person completing the questionnaire) / -
b. / Designation/position in the Organization / -
c. / Contact data / - / Telephone:
- / Tele-fax:
- / E-mail:
3. / Year of Organization’s Establishment / -
4. / Number and Types of Members Represented
5. / Main functions performed by the organization that are particularly pertinent to ’s trade of agro-food products
6. For the various potential constraints facing the county’s efforts to export, please circle the actual intensity of each constraint in relation to the three important external markets. If there are important differences in this area for the different main products exported by your sector, please reflect these differences in this and the subsequent tables that have been provided. If the issue is not applicable to your sector please circle NA. For purposes of this question please consider all EU countries as one market. For organizations that are not sector or product specific (i.e. the ZNFU), please provide your views on the relative importance of these different constraints for ’s agro-food exports in their entirety.
TABLE 1 / PRODUCT 1:
(Specify product) ………………………………………………………
MARKET 1:
(Specify region or country) ……………………………………………………………………
/ %
CATEGORY /

PROBLEM INTENSITY

TRADE RELATED CHALLENGES

/ Not Applicable / No constraint / Minor constraint / Important
constraint / The
primary
constraint

SUPPLY CAPACITY

- Weak market demand / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Low profit margin / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Capacity for on-time deliveries / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Attaining level of product quality / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Consistently maintaining the required level quality / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Meet demand for product mix/variety / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Senior and middle-management skills / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Labor force skills / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Labor productivity / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Working capital / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
STANDARDS COMPLIANCE RELATED PROBLEMS
- Familiarity with and understanding of current product standards / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Familiarity with and understanding of current and relevant management standards / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Familiarity with and understanding of current packaging and labeling requirements / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Effective product testing in internationally recognized local laboratories / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Effective product testing in internationally recognized overseas laboratories / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Compliance with quality management system (ISO 9000) / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Compliance with required social (accountability) standard (i.e., SA 8000, ETI) / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
-Compliance with required environmental management (system) standard (i.e., ISO 14000) / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
-Compliance with food safety mgt system (HAACP) / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
-Compliance with legal tolerance levels for pesticides / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
-Compliance with other food safety requirements / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
-Compliance with GAP protocol (i.e.EUREPGAP) / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
-Ability to track/identify product/raw material (traceability) / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Compliance with trade partner plant health requirements / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
-Compliance with trade partner animal health requirements / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4

TRADE POLICY, EXPORT SUPPORT SERVICES AND TRADE FACILITATION ISSUES

/ 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Export licensing / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Import licensing / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Customs formalities in the home country / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Customs formalities in the foreign country / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Corruption in customs / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Pre-shipment inspection / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Freight, shipping, transport infrastructure / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Import quotas or import prohibitions / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Tariffs / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Access to export financing (Letter of Credit/LC) / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Access to market intelligence / export promotion / NA / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Storage (cool chain, hygiene) / 0 / 1 / 2 / 4 / 5
- Export insurance / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
4. With relation to the intensity assigned to standards related issues, please elaborate on the reasons for assigning this level of intensity to standards related issues
TABLE 2 / PRODUCT 2:
(Specify product) ……………………………………………………… / q / Present product
q / Potential product
MARKET 2:
(Specify region or country) ……………………………………………………………………
Please specify the amount exported to this region as a percentage of total sales: / %
Please circle the corresponding intensity: [1] = no problem to [5] = major problem, by product and category.
CATEGORY /

PROBLEM INTENSITY

TRADE RELATED CHALLENGES

/ Not Applicable / No problem / Minor Problem / Average problem / Important problem / Major problem

SUPPLY CAPACITY

- World market price / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Profit margin / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- On-time deliveries / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Minimum required export quantity / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Level of quality / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Maintaining a given quality / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Product design / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Labor force skills / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Staff knowledge in SPS and TBT regulations / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Labor productivity / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Working capital / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Production equipment and process technologies / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Quality of input and product raw material / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Packaging materials / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Packaging equipment and processes / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Process controls / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Ability to produce according to export market product-specific requirements / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Enterprise management / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
STANDARDS AND COMPLIANCE RELATED ISSUES
- Access to information on what product standards are relevant / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Access to information on packaging and labeling / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Product testing in internationally recognized local laboratories / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Product testing in internationally recognized overseas laboratories / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Mandatory local testing required by local authorities for exports / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Compliance with: / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Quality management system (i.e., ISO 9000) / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Social (accountability) standard (i.e., SA 8000, ETI) / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Occupational health standard (OHSAS) / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Environmental management (system) standard (i.e., ISO 14000) / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Food safety management system (i.e., HACCP) / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Good agricultural practices protocol (i.e., EUREPGAP) / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Traceability / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5

TRADE POLICY, EXPORT SUPPORT SERVICES AND TRADE FACILITATION ISSUES

- Export licensing / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Import licensing / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Customs formalities in the home country / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Customs formalities in the foreign country / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Corruption in customs / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Pre-shipment inspection / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Rules of Origin / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Freight, shipping, transport infrastructure / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Import quotas or import prohibitions / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Tariffs / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Antidumping and countervailing duties / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Access to export financing (Letter of Credit/LC) / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Access to market intelligence / export promotion / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Storage (cool chain, hygiene) / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Export insurance / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
TABLE 3 / PRODUCT 3:
(Specify product) ……………………………………………………… / q / Present product
q / Potential product
MARKET 3:
(Specify region or country) ……………………………………………………………………
Please specify the amount exported to this region as a percentage of total sales: / %
Please circle the corresponding intensity: [1] = no problem to [5] = major problem, by product and category.
CATEGORY /

PROBLEM INTENSITY

TRADE RELATED CHALLENGES

/ Not Applicable / No problem / Minor Problem / Average problem / Important problem / Major problem

SUPPLY CAPACITY

- World market price / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Profit margin / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- On-time deliveries / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Minimum required export quantity / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Level of quality / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Maintaining a given quality / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Product design / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Labor force skills / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Staff knowledge in SPS and TBT regulations / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Labor productivity / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Working capital / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Production equipment and process technologies / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Quality of input and product raw material / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Packaging materials / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Packaging equipment and processes / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Process controls / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Ability to produce according to export market product-specific requirements / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Enterprise management / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
STANDARDS AND COMPLIANCE RELATED ISSUES
- Access to information on what product standards are relevant / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Access to information on packaging and labeling / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Product testing in internationally recognized local laboratories / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Product testing in internationally recognized overseas laboratories / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Mandatory local testing required by local authorities for exports / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
- Compliance with: / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Quality management system (i.e., ISO 9000) / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Social (accountability) standard (i.e., SA 8000, ETI) / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Occupational health standard (OHSAS) / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Environmental management (system) standard (i.e., ISO 14000) / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Food safety management system (i.e., HACCP) / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Good agricultural practices protocol (i.e., EUREPGAP) / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5
Traceability / 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5