Outline of Concepts

Outline of Concepts

Microbiology for the Health Sciences

Brief outline:

Introduction to Microbiology:

Microbiology:

Biological Molecules:

Metabolism and Energy:

The Microbes:

Microbes- Bacteria:

Microbes – Protozoans:

Microbes- Viruses:

Microbes- Animals:

Antimicrobial Activities:

Antimicrobials:

Antibiotics:

Immune Responses:

Microbial Diseases: Part 1.

Epidemiology and Pathology:

Diseases of Skin:

Disease of Nervous System:

Diseases of Lymphatic System:

Microbial Diseases: Part 2.

Diseases of Respiratory System:

Diseases of Digestive System:

Diseases of Urinary System:

Diseases of Reproductive System:

Outline of Concepts

Microbiology for the Health Sciences

Detailed Outline:

Introduction to Microbiology:

Microbiology: (Chapter )

What art the microbes?

Microscopic organisms

Pathogenic organisms

Where did they come from?

Classification of life:

Cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Domains: bacteria, archaeans, eukarya

Kingdoms: bacteria, archaeans, protista, fungi, plants & animals

Microbe- host interactions- symbiosis: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

Commensalism:

Mutualism:

Microbe – microbe interactions: competition

Microbe synthesize required nutrients for host (human)

Microbe nutrients:

Carbon source:

Autotrophs & heterotrophs

Energy source:

Phototrophs & chemotrophs

Chemotrophs:

Chemoorganotrophs

Chemolithotrophs

Salts – electrolytes

Oxygen

Biomolecules:
water; proteins; carbohydrates; lipids; nucleic acids
atoms: protons and electrons
bonds: covalent; ionic; hydrogen; hydrophobic
water: hydrophilic; polar
fatty acids: hydrocarbons; hydrophobic
functional groups: carboxyl; amino group: methyl group: hydroxyl group; phosphate

Carbhydrates:
hydroxyl groups; structures of cell & energy source
Kinds: monosaccharides; disaccharides; polysaccharides
monosaccharides: glucose; mannitol:sugar-alcohol; glycolysis
dissacharides: lactose/ b-galactosidase; maltose; sucrose
polysaccharides: starch-energy source; glycogen-storage granules; cellulose

Lipids: hydorphobic
classification: triglycerides; phospholipids; steroids
steriods- none in bacteria
triglycerides: fatty acids; lipid storage granules
phospholipids: membranes

Proteins: 15% mass of cell; amino acids; amino group; carboxyl group; R-group
20 different amino acids; cysteine & tryptophan
polypeptide- chain of amino acids; tetrapeptide; protein
primary structure: sequence of amino acids-
mutations; RNA polymerase; antibiotics
secondary structures: a helix & b-sheet:
prions: neurons; a helix-functional to b-sheet- nonfunctional protein
membrane proteins: porins; pilins; flagellins;
protein synthesis: ribosomes; antibiotics block
proteases- destroy proteins

Enzymes: catalysts; proteins; reaction specific
substrate; product
catalase: hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
proteases; b-galactosidase; RNA polymerase

Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
DNA: genetic material of cells/ viruses
RNA: genetic material of viruses
nucleotides; base; phosphate; pentose-deoxyribose & ribose; bases: A, T, C & G
DNA usually double stranded: bacterial & plasmids: closed circular;
viruses: single or double stranded DNA or RNA
tRNA (transfer)- carries amino acid to ribosome
messenger RNA (mRNA); sequence codes for protein;
ribosomal (rRNA) part of ribosome
DNA replication; transcription-RNA synthesis; translation-protein synthesis
translation: mRNA codon- 3 nucletides code for each amino acid: AUG codes for methionine (Met)

Metabolism and Energy: (Chapter )

Metabolism: Chemical reactions of cell

Biological energy: ATP

Biosynthetic and Degradative reactions

Energy generating pathways:

Glycolysis

Fermentation

Repiration:

Krebs cycle

Electron transport system

The Microbes:

Bacteria: (Chapter 3: 53-72 )

Identification: Genus, species; serotypes: antibodies and antigens; O antigen; H antigen; O157:H7

Cell morphologies:

Molecule, virus and cell sizes

Cell morphology and groupings

External cell structures:

Glycocalyx: slime; capsule & biofilms

Flagella: structure; cell patterns

Pili: sex pilis; F plasmid; conjugation; pilin;

Fimbriae; pilins; adhesins;

Axial filaments: outer sheath

Cell wall:

Gram positive and gram negative

Peptidoglycans

Outer membrane; LPS; lipid A- endotoxin

Periplasmic space

Plasma membrane:

Functions: movement into/out cell; receptors

Lipid bilayer; hydrophilic/ hydrophobic; phospholipids/ no bacterial sterols / cholesterol

Receptors; channels/ pumps: active/passive

Cytoplasm: fluid/ metabolism/

Nucleoid; bacterial cell DNA – chromosome; replicons

Plasmids: structure; R plasmids; antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes; conjugation

Transposons: DNA segments; transposase; antibiotic resistance genes;

Ribosomes – protein synthesis; structure; protein synthesis and kinds of RNA

Storage granules: metachromatic granules; volutin granules; polysaccharide granules- glycogen; lipid granules

Endospores; characteristics; gram positive bacteria- Bacillus anthracis

Bacteriophage: (Chapter )

Viruse characteristics: nucleoprotein particles; obligate intracellular parasites;

Characteristics of living things

Bacteriophages: virions; genome; capsid of capsomeres;

Phage size: bacterial cell: 2 um; phage: 200 nm to 90 nm

Phage shapes:

Life cycles: lytic and lysogenic

Lytic life cycle: lysis; virulent phage

Attachment: phage receptor; phage lambda (l) – maltose transporter

Injection of viral genome: not capsid

Transcription & translation

Replication of viral genome and capsomers

Assembly of virions

Lysis of cell – lysozyme; burst size; bacterial lawn; plaques;

Lysogenic life cycle: lysogeny; temperate phage

Consists of prophage and lysogen

90% of bacteriophage

Integrase

Phage and bacterial toxins

Prophage produce toxins of many bacteria:

Clostridium botulinum; botulinum toxin

Probiotics: using organisms to fight disease; pathogen specific phage;

Animal Viruses:

Viral structure: genome; capsid; capsomeres; nucleocapsid; virions; enveloped

Genomes: single and double stranded DNA and RNA

Virus morphologies: helical; polyhedral- icosahedral; pleomorphic

Ebola virus

Viruse strains: virulence factors; influenza virus: H5N1: H viral spike protein; N neuraminidase

Routes of transmission: (pg. 479-80)

Types of infections: acute and latent

Acute infections:

Variabilities:

DNA or RNA viruses: gene expression; maturation

Naked or enveloped viruses: entry & release; uncoating

Stages:

1) attachment: viral spike proteins; H antigens; host cell viral receptor

2) entry: virion transported into cytoplasm

Naked: endocytosis; endosome; release into cytoplasm

Enveloped: envelope-plasma membrane fusion

3) uncoating: release of virion genome from capsid

DNA viruses: virions to nucleus; uncoating

RNA viruses: virions release genome in cytoplasm

4) genome transcription & tranlation; replication;

Early genes and late genes

Early genes: regulate transcription and translation of viral molecules

Late genes: synthesis of capsomeres and genome replication

DNA viruses: transcription and replication in nucleus/ translation on host ribosomes

RNA viruses: reverse transcriptase:

RNA to single stranded DNA- in cytoplasm

Single standed DNA to double stranded DNA in nucleus

Integration of ds DNA into cell genome

RNA synthesis and replication- in nucleus

Protein synthesis in cytoplasm

5) maturation: virions: mature nucleocapsids

DNA viruses: in nucleus

RNA viruses: in cytoplasm

6) release

Enveloped: spike proteins; matrix proteins; nucleocapsid; budding

Naked: packaged into membranes for exocytosis

Latent infections: years to life of individual

1) initial infection

2) latent period

3) reactivation

Herpes simplex virus 2: sexually transmitted

Latent in sensory neuron nucleus

Prions: disease characteristics: polypeptide; two forms: PrPC and PrPSC;

Plaques; aggregates on neuron cell surface; cell death

Motor control of brain

Progressive and death; no cure

Protein structure and prions

Antimicrobial Activities:

Antimicrobials:

Terminology:

Bacteriostatic; bactericidal; germicidal

Sepsis; septicemia

Disinfection; sterilization

Aseptic; antiseptic; aseptic technique

Pasteurization

Sanitized (sanitization)

Commercial sterilization

Preservatives

Categories of antimicrobial effectiveness

Low level disinfective: vegetative bacteria; fungi; enveloped viruses

Intermediate level disinfective: + mycobacteria

High level disinfective: + naked viruses

Sterilization: all microbes

Physical methods:

Heat

Moist heat

Boiling water & steam

Autoclave

pasteurization

Dry heat

Flaming – aseptic technique

Incineration

Hot air sterilization: oven

Filtration

Membrane filtration

Microfilters

HEPA filters

Radiation: electromagnetic spectrum; wave & particle; wavelength & frequency

Ultraviolet

Ionizing

Chemical methods:

Halogens

Iodines

Tincture

Iodine/iodophors

Chlorine

Bleach

Triclosan

Water purification

Alcohols

Surfactants

Quaternary ammonia compounds

Peroxides:

Antibiotics:

Antibiotics kill bacteria; antiviral/ antifungal agents

Antibiotics: natural; semisynthetic; synthetic; natural sources: bacteria & fungi

Cellular processes: cell wall synthesis; plasma membrane function; DNA replication; RNA synthesis; translation

Cell wall synthesis:

Structural classification: b-lactams; glycoproteins & complex organic;

Penicillins: block tetrapeptide bonds; PBPs; transpeptidases; b-lactams

Cephalosporin; resistant to b-lactamases;

Amoxicillin; broad range; b-lactamase sensitive

Vancomycin – glycoprotein; blocks tetrapeptide crosslinks; last line of defense Staph. Aureus. Streptococcus – Borneo

Bacitracin – blocks earliest stage; component transport; complex organic molecule

Plasma membranes:

Hydrophobic layer; transport regulation; proteins and lipid; phospholipids

Polymyxin B; binds phospholipids; pores; kills cells; gram positive cells; topical

DNA replication:

DNA structure: deoxyribose; phosphate; bases: ATCG; base pairing: AT; GC; closed circular double stranded

DNA replication: enzymes and sequences

Ciprofloxicin blocks DNA gyrase

RNA synthesis:

RNA structure; enzyme and DNA sequences;

Rifampin – blocks RNA polymerase; blood brain barrier; Mycobacteria;

Protein synthesis:

Amino acids; polypeptide; protein; ribosome; 3 types of RNA; peptidyltransferase; 4 groups of antibiotics

Components of translation:

Genetic code: codons & amino acids; mRNA: sequence of codons; ribosome: protein & rRNA; binding site; peptidyltransferase; transfer RNA: amino acid transport; anticodon; charged and uncharged

Translation:

Initiation of translation: ribosome- two subunits; mRNA; fMET-tRNA;

Elongation: a) binding of 2nd charged tRNA; codon-anticodon; b) formation of peptide bond; peptidyltransferase; c) translocation: movement of ribosome; release of uncharged tRNA; continuation of elongation steps

Termination- termination codons- no tRNA binds; separation of components

Translational antibiotics:

Aminoglycosides: initiation complex; misreading mutations

Tetracyclines: charged tRNAs; elongation

Chloramphenicol: blocks peptide bond formation;

Erythromycins: blocks translocation

Introduction to immune system.

Antigen; antibody

Cells and molecules of the immune system:

Hematopoetic stem cell

Lymphocyte lineage: B cells; TC cells; TH cells; NK cells

Monocyte lineage: free and fixed macrophages

Granulocyte lineage: neutrophils; eosinophils; basophils

Functions of each of these cells

Molecules:

Cytokines & chemokines; MHC I and MHC II; antibodies & T cell receptor; Toll-Like receptors

Innate response and adaptive response

Innate immune response. definition

Physical barriers: epidermis: hydrophobic, dead cells-keratin; dermis- macrophages; mucus membranes: digestive, reproductive, respiratory; lysozyme and macrophages

Phagocytosis: Toll-like proteins (TLP); bacterial antigens- peptidoglycan; LPS; phagosome; lysosome- hydrolytic enzymes; phagolysosome; opsonization

Complement: blood proteins, produce pores in cells- cause lysis; pathways:

Classical; binds to antibodies- attached to cell surface antigen; bind complement

Lectin – Mannan (polymer of mannitol)- bacterial protein; Mannan binding protein (MBP) and binds complement

Fever: pyrogens; IL1 (macrophages); hypothalamus

Inflammation: redness; heat; swelling; pain; tissue damage induced/ infection; hemostasis

Macrophages-release cytokines; chemotaxis; diapedesis; mast cells & basophils- heparin & histamine; endothelial cells- adhesion molecules;

Antiviral responses: natural killer cells and interferons; perforins; proteases; apoptosis

Natural killer (NK) cells: bind antibodies-antigen-cell

Detect low amounts of MHC I molecules

Interferons: induced by double stranded RNA; secreted; induces apoptsis

Eosinophil degranulation; parasitic worms; degranulation; granules- lysosomes- hydrolytic enzymes

Cell mediated immune response: TC cell response.

Viruses;

Cells: Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells)- T cell receptor (TCR); body cells- MHC I;

TC cells; TCR; kills virus infected cells;

TCR: Antigenic binding site- variable region; constant region; two polypeptides; a & b; TC cells

TC cells- bind antigen-MHC I; releases perforins and proteases; induce apoptosis

Antibody mediated immune response: B cell response.

Antibody structure; antigen binding; effecter functions

T helper cell (TH) activation; APC: TLRs; phagocytosis;

antigen presentation: APC; MHCII-antigen; TH cell binding – TCR; IL1 & IL1R

clonal expansion:

B cell sensitization; IgM-antigen; endosome; MHCII-antigen;

B cell activation: TH cell, cytokine and cytokine receptor

Clonal expansion; B cell differentiation: plasma cells and memory cells

Microbial Diseases: Part 1

Epidemiology and Pathology: (Chapter )

Concepts of epidemiology:

Diseases of Skin and Wounds to Skin: (Chapter ; pp. 521-572)

Anatomy of integument: epidermis; dermis; skin glands; hair follicles

Normal flora of skin: Propionebacterium; Staphylococcus

Abscesses and pus;

Bacterial:

Lyme disease;

Acne

Bacterial wound infections:

Staphylococcus aureus;

Streptococcus pyrogenes- flesh-eating bacterium; necotizing fasciitis (pp. 554-555)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa;

Clostridium tetani;

Viral: Warts; Papillomavirus

Fungal: Candida albicans; diseases?? Diaper rash???

Disease of Nervous System: (Chapter )

Anatomy of nervous system: (pp. 682-4)

Bacterial infections:

Botulism- Clostridium botulinum;

Hensen’s Disease – Leprosy;

Viral Diseases:

Encephalitis

Meningitis- viral

Rabies

Diseases of Lymphatic System: (Chapter 28 )

Anatomy of the lymphatic system:

Bacterial infections:

Gram negative septicemia

Tularemia (pp. 715-16

Brucellosis (pp. 716-7)

Black death (pp. 717-20)

Viral diseases:

Mononucleosis

Protozoan diseases:

Malaria

Microbial Diseases: Part 2

Diseases of Respiratory System: (Chapter )

Anatomy of respiratory system

Normal flora

Bacterial infections:

Strept throat; Streptococcus pyrogenes (pp. 577-79)

Diphtheria; (pp. 579-83)

Pertussis – Whooping cough

Tuberculosis

Pneumonia

Viral infections:

Common cold; rhinoviruses

Influenza

Diseases of Digestive System: (Chapter 25; pp. 609-47)

Anatomy

Normal flora

Bacterial diseases:

Tooth diseases:

Dental caries

Periodontal disease

Mumps

Cholera

Shigellosis

Gastritis: Helicobacter

E. coli Gastroenteritis

Salmonellosis

Viral diseases:

Viral gastroenteritis

Rotoviruses

Noroviruses

Hepatitis:

A

B

C

Protozoa diseases:

Giardiasis;

Helminth diseases:

Flatworms:

Tapeworms

Roundworms:

Pinworms;

Diseases of Urinary System: (Chapter )

Diseases of Reproductive System: (Chapter )

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