UNIT I “DEFINITIONS, THEORIES AND BACKGROUND ISSUES”
“Culture”
“Ethnicity”
“Social Identity”
There are two social motives associated with social identity, they are:
1.
2.
“Minority” (subordinate)
Schaefer’s 5 characteristics of a “minority” (subordinate) group:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
According to Schaefer’s characteristics - who is considered a minority?
“Double Jeopardy”
“Ethnocentrism”
“Prejudice”
“Discrimination”
What is the “vicious cycle” for prejudice and discrimination?
Robert Merton proposed that there are four categories of people to explain the spectrum between prejudice and discrimination.
1. All weather liberal:
2. Reluctant liberal:
3. Timid bigot:
4. Active bigot:
How can the thoughts and actions of others influence us?
There are several Sociological theories that are relevant to consider when looking at the issues of diversity as well as prejudice and discrimination. Specifically we will examine: structural-functional, social conflict, and symbolic interaction.
Structural-functional:
Social conflict:
Symbolic interaction:
-connection to labeling and self-fulfilling prophecy:
How do stereotypes influence our thinking? Can stereotypes be symbolic?
(+) effects:
(-) effects:
What perspective does the Feminist theory hold?
The Unified Theory proposes that there are key forces behind ethnic relations they include:
Quotes from the video “The Roots of Prejudice and Intolerance”
Prejudice is the reason of fools – Voltaire
To recognize the insidious and pervasive power of prejudice is to take the first step toward
defeating it –Dr. Jim Cole, Psychologist and Author
Prejudice (n): a preconceived opinion or feeling toward a group or individual not based on sound
knowledge or reason. (this includes race, sex, ethnicity, religion, what you wear, your athletic
abilities, where you live, your appearance, physical disabilities, and unfounded characterization)
Bigotry (n): 1. extreme intolerance of any creed, belief, or opinion. 2. the actions, prejudices, etc.
of a bigot.
Discrimination (v): to make a distinction in favor of or against a person on the basis of the group or
class to which the person belongs, rather than according to merit; show partiality.
Stereotype (n): 1. a simplified and standardized conception or image of a person, group, etc., held
in common by members of a group.
Hate crime:
Hate (v): to dislike intensely or passionately; feel extreme aversion for or extreme hostility toward, detest.
Crime (n): an action that is deemed injurious to the public welfare and is legally prohibited.
Racism (n): a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine
cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one’s race is superior.
Tolerance (n): a fair and permissive attitude toward those whose race, religion, nationality, etc.,
differ from one’s own; freedom from bigotry.
Intolerance has been the curse of every age and state – Samuel Davies
Despite advances in science, technology and the understanding of human nature, prejudices based
on race, class, nationalism, and religion have led to the deaths of an estimated sixty two million
people around the world during the last one hundred or so years.
Prejudice is the child of ignorance – William Hazlitt
What purpose do prejudices have for the people who harbor them? – boost self-esteem, dealing
with psychological conflicts, making sense of previous interactions….
Intolerance (n): unwillingness or refusal to tolerate or respect contrary opinions or beliefs, persons
of different races, backgrounds…..
What about you?!!!
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No one is a bystander in society:
What factors impact a person’s perceptions and involvement in society?
- social identity (which changes over time):
- conscious and unconscious aspects of identity:
- influence of context:
- conflict and oppression:
- micro relations:
- personality:
Notice that race is not listed as a prominent of what can influence behavior, the belief in race:
“Races” have their differences in:
The common conceptions of race are based on:
The belief in races is generally used to justify an unequal distribution of power, resources and rights in a society - this is known as:
Race, even though a flawed concept:
Ethnicity, which you know involves how individuals identity themselves in relationship with others emerges as:
An ethnic category:
Cultural stereotypes:
Theories of the development of ethnic identity often emphasize sequential stages of adaptation.
We will be looking at the types of intercultural adaptation and stages of ethnic identity discussed
by Michael Winkelman (2005) in his book “Cultural Awareness, Sensitivity & Competence.”
Types of Intercultural Adaptation
Ghettoization and Isolation:
Passing:
Nativistic Reactions:
Marginality:
Mediators and Middlemen:
Multiculturalism and Globalism:
Minority Ethnic Identity Development:
Minority Ethnic Identity Development Sequences:
Conformity/Acceptance/Psychological Captivity:
Dissonance:
Resistance and Encapsulation/Immersion:
Introspection/Identity Clarification/Redefinition:
Internalization and Synergistic Awareness:
Dominant Groups Development of Ethnic Awareness:
Majority Ethnic Awareness Development Stages:
Pre-Exposure/Contact:
Exposure/Contact/Disintegration:
Zealot-Paternalism:
Defensive-Reintegration:
Pseudo-Independence:
Autonomy/Integration:
Summary Thoughts:
UNIT II “HISTORY, CULTURE AND SOCIALIZATION” Part I
In Unit I we examined some of the basic theories of human behavior and how a person develops an identity, the question to begin Unit II is how did we come to be where we currently are in terms of our perceptions and expectations of our various ethnic groups.
Racism and discrimination have been a part of the history of the United States from the earliest settlers to today. Painful as it might be, to understand the extent and dynamics of in-group relations today, we must explore and revisit aspects of our history.
“White Ethnic Americans”
Who are considered to be “white ethnic” Americans?
Irish immigration:
1700’s -
1845 - 1848 -
Fear of Irish immigrants:
Political involvement:
Italian immigration (1860 - 1920):
Fear of Italian immigrants:
Conflict between the Irish and Italian immigrants:
Union Movement:
Immigration Act of 1924:
Jewish immigration:
1640’s -
1840’s -
1880’s - 1920’s -
After 1920 (to today) -
Fear of Jewish immigrants:
Political involvement:
Current Trends for White Ethnic groups:
“African Americans”
Some conditions of slavery:
January 1, 1863 the “Emancipation Proclamation”
June 19, 1865:
13th Amendment (1866):
14th Amendment (1868):
15th Amendment (1870):
“Jim Crow Laws”
Plessy versus Ferguson (1896):
Brown versus the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954):
Reactions to “Brown v Board”
Rosa Parks in Montgomery Alabama (1955):
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC):
Civil Rights Act of 1964:
“Black Power” and the Black Panthers:
Black Nationalism:
Current Trends:
“Native Americans”
U.S. Policy of separation:
Indian Removal Act (1830):
U.S. Policy of assimilation:
General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Act) (1887):
Indian Citizenship Act (1924):
Indian Claims Commission Act (1946):
Termination Act (1953):
American Indian Movement (AIM) (1968):
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975):
Current Trends:
“Latino Americans”
Terminology and groups “lumped” under term Latino:
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848):
Immigration policies (Border restrictions were not in place officially until 1965):
Repatriation (1929 - 1935):
Los Braceros Program (1942 - 1964):
Operation Wetback (1954 - 1959):
Puerto Ricans (1898):
Jones Act (1917):
Puerto Rico commonwealth (1952):
Immigration of individuals from Cuba waves of immigration beginning in 1959 -
1959 - 1962:
1962 - 1965:
1965 - 1973:
1980’s (“Freedom Flotilla”)
- Mariel boatlift (“Marielitos”)
Current Trends:
“Asian and Pacific Island Americans”
Groups “lumped” under the term Asian and Pacific Island Americans:
Chinese (1848):
California immigration tax (1855):
California outlawing Chinese immigration (1858):
Transcontinental Railroad (1869):
Supreme court ruling (1876):
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882):
Amendment to Chinese Exclusion Act (1888):
“Gentleman’s Agreement” with Japan (1907):
Alien Land Act (1913):
December 7, 1941:
Executive Order 9066 (February 19, 1942):
Korean American immigration (1903 - 1905):
“Kye”
Tension between Korean American and other minority communities:
Filipino immigration:
Philippines Independence Act:
Current Trends:
UNIT II “HISTORY, CULTURE AND SOCIALIZATION” Part II
“Arab Americans”
Who are Arab Americans?
Naturalization Act of 1790:
Sojourner orientation in 19th Century:
Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996:
Patriot Act of 2001:
Current Trends:
“Non-Heterosexuals / Sexual Orientation”
How many people in the US are not heterosexual?
Who is considered to be a sexual minority? (LGBT)
Treatment of LGBT individuals may be based in part on some cultural myths about this population. These myths include:
Heterosexism - “harm to the dominant group comes in the broadest sense from the suppression and loss of human talent from which we could all benefit, and heterosexism thus has parallels in this regard to racism and sexism.” (Neubeck, 1997)
The catalyst event for the social movement of LGBT population was the:
One of the main battles for social equality has been the right to marry – a brief overview of relevant policies:
Defense of Marriage Act (1996):
California and Vermont (1999):
Vermont (2000):
Massachusetts (2003):
State Constitutional Amendments (2004):
Supreme Court - Hollingsworth v. Perry, and Windsor v. United States, (2013):
Supreme Court - Obergefell v. Hodges, June 26, 2015:
Hate-crime laws (crimes motivated by bias that target persons based on their actual or perceived race, religion, gender, national origin, sexual orientation, disability, gender identity or ethnicity)
Current Trends:
“Elderly”
Social definition of aging:
Population trends: There has been a dramatic increase in the aged in the U.S. since the early 1900’s – why?
What are some problems experienced by the aged in US society?
Income problems experienced by the aged are associated with:
Current Trends:
“Females”
The suffrage movement in the U.S. began in 1830’s and is linked with the abolition movement:
Minor v. Happerset (1875):
19th Amendment:
Equal Rights Amendment (1972):
--1982 (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Utah and Virginia)
Title IX Educational Amendment (1972):
Deburca vs. Attorney General (1975):
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1980):
Current Trends:
“Differently Abled”
National Defense Act (1916):
National Rehabilitation Act (1920):
Social Security Act (1935):
Social Security Disability Insurance (1956):
Ed Roberts (1962):
Architectural Barriers Act (1968):
Urban Mass Transit Act (1970):
-ADAPT (American Disabled for Accessible Public Transit):
Rehabilitation Act (1973):
Developmental Disabilities Bill of Rights (1975):
Equal Education For All Handicapped Children Act (1975):
Fair Housing Act (1988):
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) (1990):
Current Trends:
What is culture?
How has this history impacted us in our current culture and group relations?
As a “blueprint” for what humans do, what are some of the basic functions of culture?
What are some personal factors affected by culture?
How can the basic functions and personal factors of culture impact group relations?
How does biology interact with culture?
Socialization is:
Primary and secondary socialization:
Needs and drives:
Emotions:
Gender roles / gender identity:
Unconscious cultural acquisition:
Behavioral determinism:
Socialization and deviance:
Intra-cultural variation - real and ideal culture:
How does the environment influence culture and personal development?
Certain features of life and development provide a point of reference for:
How can culture influence an individual’s personality - and how does this connect with theory?
UNIT III “PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE”
Why should conversations about prejudice and discrimination be undertaken?
What is the difference between equality and equity? Is it important?
Within families and communities narratives about “other” groups:
How can narratives about “other” groups surface in a work environment?
There are potential areas of conflict when individuals of different cultures interact, including:
What are micro-aggressions and how do they fit in?
Ethnocentrism in behavior contributes to conflict:
What is “Ethnocentric Syndrome?”
The characteristics of ethnocentric syndrome include:
Self-awareness is important because:
In cross-cultural counseling literature some of the aforementioned issues surface in terms of the effects of projection, transference, counter-transference , resistance and defensive reactions. Let us look at each of the effects and then move on to looking at some skill areas to deal with cross-cultural issues.
Projection involves:
Transference is:
Counter-transference occurs when:
Resistance may be:
Defense mechanisms are psychological reactions designed to maintain psychological stability and integration in the face of stress. Subordinate populations use a variety of defense mechanisms to buffer the stress of relationships with the dominant group. (Winkelman, 2005) These responses include:
Self-hatred:
Denial:
Acceptance:
Obsessive sensitivity:
Ego enhancement:
Aggression:
Knowledge of the different types of defensive reactions to out of group contact is an important aspect of cultural competency skills. Hogan (2007) proposed that there are four main skill areas of cultural competence for individuals in the helping professions. The remainder of class notes will focus on the first three of these areas and use them to (hopefully) tie together the previous class discussions.
Skill 1: “Understanding Culture as Multilevel”
Culture is both subjective and objective:
The levels of interaction for culture include:
Micro:
Meso:
Exo:
Macro:
Personal culture plays into the dynamic of culture being multileveled:
Skill 2: “Understanding the Barriers”
Personal / Interpersonal Barriers to relationship:
Language:
Stereotypes:
Discrimination:
Judgment:
Stress:
Organizational / Institutional Barriers:
Policy, Procedures, Programs:
Gender Issues:
Assumptions of U.S. National Culture about Diversity:
The U.S. is a meritocracy:
Americans do not have a culture:
If it is different, it is wrong:
Do not talk about diversity:
Do not admit prejudice:
Skill 3:”Practicing Culturally Centered Communication Skills”
There are 14 Personal Directives:
1. Be nonjudgmental:
2. Be flexible:
3. Be resourceful:
4. Personalize observations:
5. Pay attention to thoughts and feelings:
6. and 7. Listen attentively / observe carefully:
8. Assume complexity:
9. Tolerate the stress of uncertainty:
10. Have patience:
11. Manage personal habits:
12. Keep a sense of humor:
13. Show respect:
14. Show empathy:
Using the personal directives, how can the dialogue process be started?
What should be done to recover if (and when) conflict occurs?
How can you foster lifelong competency skills?