Online-Only Supplemental Data
Table 3. Success Rate Differences (%) in HbA1c, Anthropometrics, Physical Activity, and Diet Outcomes (N=13 studies)
FEATURE / OUTCOMEDiet / Anthropometrics / Physical Activity / HbA1c
INTERVENTION SETTING
Community-based (n=3) / -50* / -28.57* / 100* / -28.57*
Home-based(n=4) / 66.67* / 16.67* / -50* / -33.33*
Hospital-based (n=8) / -25* / 28.57 / 50* / 33.33
Primary care-based (n=1) / -40* / -25* / -33.33* / -25*
INTERVENTION FORMAT
One-on-one (n=11) / 40 / -27.78 / N/A / N/A
Group (n=9) / -25* / 33.33 / 33.33* / 8.33
MODE OF DELIVERY
Face-to-face (n=13) / N/A / N/A / N/A / N/A
Written Literature (n=4) / -40* / 35.71* / -25* / 25*
Telephone (n=4) / 0* / -3.57* / 50* / -50*
Audio-Visual (n=1) / -40* / -30* / Not present / Not present
EDUCATION STRATEGIES
Didactic (n=9) / -25* / 3.57 / -100* / 50
Goal-Setting Dictated (n=9) / -100* / -27.78 / 25* / 50
Goal-Setting Negotiated (n=9) / 50* / -35.71 / 25* / -87.50
Situational Problem-Solving (n=9) / 50* / 37.50 / 25* / -4.76
Peer-led Discussion (n=1) / Not present / -30* / Not present / -33.33*
Interactive Discussion Groups (n=5) / 0* / 60 / -25* / 4.76*
Feedback (n=5) / -50* / -13.33 / -50* / 60
Diaries and Reports (n=4) / -40* / -3.57* / -33.33* / 75*
DURATION
Short Duration < 6 months (n=7) / 25* / -13.33 / -33.33* / 20
Long Duration ≥ 6months (n=6) / -25* / 13.33 / 33.33* / -20
INTENSITY
Low Intensity (n=7) / 50* / -13.33 / -33.33* / -20
High Intensity (n=6) / -50* / 13.33 / 33.33* / 33.33*
INTERVENTIONIST
Nurse (n=5) / 50* / 8.33* / -33.33* / -50*
Dietitians (n=7) / 0* / 28.57 / 33.33* / 8.33
Community Peer Worker (n=3) / -50* / -25* / 50* / -42.86*
Multidisciplinary Team (n=7) / -25* / 28.57 / 25* / -4.76
CONTENT/SPECIFIC COMPONENTS OF INTERVENTION
Psychosocial (n=3) / 80* / -33.33* / -25* / -50*
Diet (n=11) / N/A / 30 / N/A / 37.50
Exercise (n=9) / -25* / -8.33 / N/A / 42.86
SMBG(n=5) / 25* / -42.86* / -50* / 30*
Medication Adherence (n=3) / 25* / -33.33* / -33.33* / 0*
Recognition of Complications (n=3) / -40* / -37.50* / Not present / 21.43*
Foot care (n=4) / 0* / -37.50* / -33.33* / -50*
Supervised Exercise(n=1) / -40* / 80* / -25* / 75*
INTERVENTION DESIGN
Language Tailoring (n=4), / 0* / 54.17* / -25* / 4.76*
Cultural Tailoring (n=8) / 50* / 50 / -33.33* / -20
Needs Assessment (n=6) / 0* / 35.71* / 33.33* / -50*
Individualized Assessment (n=2) / Not present / -33.33* / Not present / 25*
* Success rate difference is based on less than 5 studies so interpretation should be cautioned
N/A: Success rate difference is not applicable because one of the success rate is missing to calculate success rate differences
Not present: Success rate and success rate differences are not present because feature is not present for that specific outcome
Table 4. Analysis of Features with HbA1c Outcomes
Percent success rateFeature / Feature prevalence (%) / Number of participants studied / With feature (%) / Without feature (%) / Rate difference (%)
Intervention Setting a
Community-based / 2 (2/10)(41-43) / 439 / 0 / 29 / -29*
Home-based / 30 (3/10) (19;33;38) / 255 / 0 / 33 / -33*
Hospital-based / 60 (6/10) (32-34;36;40;42;43) / 522 / 33 / 0 / 33
Primary care-based / 10 (1/10) (19) / 149 / 0 / 25 / -25*
Intervention Format
One-on-one / 100 (10/10) (19;32-34;36;38;39;41;42) / 1,061 / 30 / 0 / n/a
Group / 60 (6/10) (32;33;39-43) / 792 / 33 / 25 / 8
Mode of deliveryb
Face-to-face / 100 (10/10) (19;32-34;36;38-43) / 1,061 / 30 / n/a / n/a
Written Literature / 20 (2/10) (33;41) / 294 / 50 / 25 / 25*
Telephone / 40 (4/10) (19;33;41;42) / 653 / 0 / 50 / -50*
Education Strategies
Didactic / 60 (6/10) (19;32;34;36;38;39;43) / 340 / 50 / 0 / 50
Goal-Setting Dictated / 60 (6/10) (19;32;36;39;40;42) / 676 / 50 / 0 / 50
Goal-Setting Negotiated / 80 (8/10) (19;33;34;38-42) / 967 / 12 / 100 / 88
Situational Problem-Solving / 70 (7/10) (32;33;38-43) / 833 / 28 / 33 / -5
Peer-led Discussion / 10 (1/10) (41) / 239 / 0 / 33 / -33*
Interactive Discussion Groups / 30 (3/10) (32;33;40) / 337 / 33 / 28 / 5*
Feedback / 50 (5/10) (19;32;36;39;40) / 476 / 60 / 0 / 60
Diaries and Reports / 40 (4/11) (32;36;39;40) / 327 / 75 / 0 / 75*
Duration
Short Duration / 50 (5/10) (34;36;38;39;41) / 375 / 40 / 20 / 20
Long Duration / 50 (5/10) (19;32;33;40;42) / 686 / 20 / 40 / -20
Intensity
Low Intensity / 50 (5/10) (19;33;36;38;41) / 533 / 20 / 40 / -20
High Intensity / 40 (4/10) (32;39;40;42) / 488 / 50 / 17 / 33*
Interventionist
Nurse / 40 (4/10) (19;33;38;41) / 494 / 0 / 50 / -50*
Dietitians / 60 (6/10) (32;33;39-42) / 792 / 33 / 25 / 8
Community Peer Worker / 30 (3/10) (19;34;42) / 389 / 0 / 43 / -43*
Multidisciplinary Team / 70 (7/10) (19;32;33;39-42) / 941 / 28 / 33 / -5
Content/Specific Components of Intervention c
Psychosocial / 30 (3/10) (38;40;41) / 497 / 0 / 50 / -50*
Diet / 80 (8/10) (19;32;33;36;38-40;42) / 782 / 38 / 0 / 38
Exercise / 70 (7/10) (19;32;36;38-40;42) / 717 / 43 / 0 / 43
Self-Management of Blood Glucose / 40(4/10) (19;36;38;39) / 245 / 50 / 20 / 30*
Medication Adherence / 30 (3/10) (19;36;38) / 229 / 33 / 33 / 0*
Recognition of Complications / 20 (2/10) (36;41) / 278 / 50 / 28 / 22*
Foot care / 30 (3/10) (19;38;40) / 407 / 0 / 50 / -50*
Supervised Exercise / 10 (1/10) (32) / 55 / 100 / 25 / 75*
Intervention Design
Language Tailoring / 30 (3/10) (32-34) / 160 / 33 / 28 / 5*
Cultural Tailoring / 50 (5/10) (32-34;38;41) / 440 / 20 / 40 / -20
Needs Assessment / 40 (4/10) (19;33;38;42) / 216 / 0 / 50 / -50
Individualized assessment / 20 (2/10) (36;41) / 278 / 50 / 25 / 25*
aIntervention-setting success rate calculations are based on 9 studies instead of10 studies that reported outcomes on HbA1c outcomes because only 10 studies reported setting.
bAudio-visual mode of delivery removed from this analysis because it had 0% prevalence.
cContent/Specific Components of Intervention success rate calculations are based on 9 studies instead of 10 studies that reported outcomes on HbA1c outcomes because only 10 studies reported specific information about content or components of their intervention.
*Rate different is based on less than 5 studies, thus interpret with caution
If n/a for success rate with feature, it means there were no studies with that feature.
If 0% for success rate with feature, it means that there were no successful studies with that feature.
If n/a for success rate without feature, it means there weren’t any studies without that feature.
If 0% for success rate without feature, it means there were no successful studies without that feature.
If n/a for rate difference, it means that either success rate with feature or success rate without feature was n/a.
Table 5. Analysis of Features with Anthropometrics Outcomes (BMI, Thigh Skinfold, Body Weight, Tricep Skinfold, Waist-to-hip Ratio, Total Body Fat, % Body Fat, Trunk Fat, Fat-free Mass)
Percent success rateFeature / Feature prevalence (%) / Number of participants studied / With feature (%) / Without feature (%) / Rate difference (%)
Intervention Setting a
Community-based / 18 (2/11) (35;41) / 343 / 0 / 29 / -29*
Home-based / 27 (3/11) (19;33;42) / 414 / 33 / 16 / 17*
Hospital-based / 64 (7/11) (32;33;35-37;40;42) / 832 / 29 / 0 / 29
Primary care-based / 9 (1/11) (19) / 149 / 0 / 25 / -25*
Intervention Format
One-on-one / 82 (9/11) (19;32;33;36;37;39-42) / 1,132 / 22 / 50 / -28
Group / 82 (9/11) (32;33;35;37;39-42;44) / 1,025 / 33 / 0 / 33
Mode of delivery
Face-to-face / 100 (11/11) (19;32;33;35-37;39-42;44) / 1,213 / 27 / n/a / n/a
Written Literature / 36 (4/11) (32;37;41;44) / 454 / 50 / 14 / 36*
Telephone / 36 (4/11) (19;33;41;42) / 653 / 25 / 29 / -4*
Audio Visual / 9 (1/11) (35) / 73 / 0 / 30 / -30*
Teaching Method
Didactic / 64 (7/11) (19;32;35-37;39;44) / 492 / 29 / 25 / 4
Goal-Setting Dictated / 82 (9/11) (19;32;35-37;39;40;42;44) / 909 / 22 / 50 / -28
Goal-Setting Negotiated / 64 (7/11) (19;33;37;39-42) / 1,038 / 14 / 50 / -36
Situational Problem-Solving / 73 (8/11) (33;37;39-42;44) / 962 / 38 / 0 / 38
Peer-led Discussion / 9 (1/11) (41) / 239 / 0 / 30 / -30*
Interactive Discussion Groups / 55 (5/11) (32;33;35;40;44) / 418 / 60 / 0 / 60
Feedback / 45 (5/11) (19;32;36;39;40) / 476 / 20 / 33 / -13
Diaries and Reports / 36 (4/11) (32;36;39;40) / 327 / 25 / 29 / -4*
Duration
Short Duration / 45 (5/11) (35;36;39;41;44) / 375 / 20 / 33 / -13
Long Duration / 55 (6/11) (19;32;33;37;40;42) / 838 / 33 / 20 / 13
Intensity
Low Intensity / 45 (5/11) (19;33;35;36;41) / 565 / 20 / 33 / -13
High Intensity / 55 (6/11) (32;37;39;40;42;44) / 648 / 33 / 20 / 13
Interventionistb
Nurse / 36 (4/11) (19;33;35;41) / 526 / 25 / 17 / 8*
Dietitians / 64 (7/11) (32;33;37;39-42) / 944 / 29 / 0 / 29
Community Peer Worker / 18 (2/11) (19;42) / 349 / 0 / 25 / -25*
Multidisciplinary Team / 64 (7/11) (19;32;33;39-42) / 941 / 29 / 0 / 29
Content/Specific Components of Intervention
Psychosocial / 18 (2/11) (40;41) / 456 / 0 / 33 / -33*
Diet / 91 (10/11) (19;32;33;35-37;39;40;42;44) / 974 / 30 / 0 / 30
Exercise / 73 (8/11) (19;32;36;37;39;40;42;44) / 836 / 25 / 33 / -8
Self-Management of Blood Glucose / 36 (4/11) (19;36;37;39) / 356 / 0 / 43 / -43*
Medication Adherence / 18 (2/11) (19;36) / 188 / 0 / 33 / -33*
Recognition of Complications / 27 (3/11) (35;36;41) / 351 / 0 / 38 / -38*
Foot care / 27 (3/11) (19;35;40) / 439 / 0 / 38 / -38*
Supervised Exercise / 9 (1/11) (32) / 55 / 100 / 20 / 80*
Intervention Design
Language Tailoring / 27 (3/11) (32;33;35) / 193 / 67 / 13 / 54*
Cultural Tailoring / 55 (6/11) (32;33;35;37;41;44) / 592 / 50 / 0 / 50
Needs Assessment / 36 (4/11) (19;33;37;44) / 374 / 50 / 14 / 36*
Individualized assessment / 18 (2/11) (36;41) / 278 / 0 / 33 / -33*
aIntervention-setting success rate calculations are based on 9 studies instead of 11 studies that reported outcomes on Anthropometric outcomes because only 9 studies reported setting.
bInterventionist success rate calculations are based on 10 studies instead of 11 studies that reported outcome on Anthropometric outcomes because only 10 studies reported interventionists.
*Rate different is based on less than 5 studies so interpretation should be cautioned
If n/a for success rate with feature, it means there were no studies with that feature.
If 0% for success rate with feature, it means that there were no successful studies with that feature.
If n/a for success rate without feature, it means there weren’t any studies without that feature.
If 0% for success rate without feature, it means there were no successful studies without that feature.
If n/a for rate difference, it means that either success rate with feature or success rate without feature was n/a.
Table 6. Analysis of Features on Physical Activity Outcomes (physical activity, leisure physical activity index)
Percent success rateFeature / Feature prevalence (%) / Number of participants studied / With feature (%) / Without feature (%) / Rate difference (%)
Intervention Setting a
Community-based / 20 (1/5) (42) / 200 / 100 / 0 / 100*
Home-based / 40 (2/5) (19;38) / 190 / 0 / 50 / -50*
Hospital-based / 40 (2/5) (32;42) / 255 / 50 / 0 / 50*
Primary care-based / 20 (1/5) (19) / 149 / 0 / 33.33 / -33.33*
Intervention Format
One-on-one / 100 (5/5) (19;32;38;39;42) / 461 / 20 / n/a / n/a
Group / 60 (3/5) (32;39;42) / 271 / 33.33 / 0 / 33.33*
Mode of delivery b
Face-to-face / 100 (5/5) (19;32;38;39;42) / 461 / 20 / n/a / n/a
Written Literature / 20 (1/5) (32) / 55 / 0 / 25 / -25*
Telephone / 40 (2/5) (19;42) / 349 / 50 / 0 / 50*
Teaching Method c
Didactic / 80 (4/5) (19;32;38;39) / 261 / 0 / 100 / -100*
Goal-Setting Dictated / 80 (4/5) (19;32;39;42) / 420 / 25 / 0 / 25*
Goal-Setting Negotiated / 80 (4/5) (19;38;39;42) / 406 / 25 / 0 / 25*
Situational Problem-Solving / 80 (4/5) (32;38;39;42) / 312 / 25 / 0 / 25*
Interactive Discussion Groups / 20 (1/5) (32) / 55 / 0 / 25 / -25*
Feedback / 60 (3/5) (19;32;39) / 220 / 0 / 50 / -50*
Diaries and Reports / 40 (2/5) (32;39) / 71 / 0 / 33.33 / -33.33*
Duration
Short Duration / 40 (2/5) (38;39) / 57 / 0 / 33.33 / -33.33*
Long Duration / 60 (3/5) (19;32;42) / 404 / 33.33 / 0 / 33.33*
Intensity
Low Intensity / 40 (2/5) (19;38) / 138 / 0 / 33.33 / -33.33*
High Intensity / 60 (3/5) (32;39;42) / 271 / 33.33 / 0 / 33.33*
Interventionist
Nurse / 40 (2/5) (19;38) / 138 / 0 / 33.33 / -33.33*
Dietitians / 60 (3/5) (32;39;42) / 271 / 33.33 / 0 / 33.33*
Community Peer Worker / 40 (2/5) (19;42) / 349 / 50 / 0 / 50*
Multidisciplinary Team / 80 (4/5) (19;32;39;42) / 420 / 25 / 0 / 25*
Content/Specific Components of Intervention d
Psychosocial / 20 (1/5) (38) / 41 / 0 / 25 / -25*
Diet / 100 (5/5) (19;32;38;39;42) / 461 / 20 / n/a / n/a
Exercise / 100 (5/5) (19;32;38;39;42) / 461 / 20 / n/a / n/a
SMBG / 60 (3/5) (19;38;39) / 206 / 0 / 50 / -50*
Medication Adherence / 40 (2/5) (19;38) / 138 / 0 / 33.33 / -33.33*
Foot care / 40 (2/5) (19;38) / 138 / 0 / 33.33 / -33.33*
Supervised Exercise / 20 (1/5) (32) / 55 / 0 / 25 / -25*
Intervention Design e
Language Tailoring / 20 (1/5) (32) / 55 / 0 / 25 / -25*
Cultural Tailoring / 40 (2/5) (32;38) / 96 / 0 / 33.33 / -33.33*
Needs Assessment / 60 (3/5) (19;38;42) / 390 / 33.33 / 0 / 33.33*
aIntervention-setting success rate calculations are based on 4 studies instead of 5 studies that reported outcomes on Anthropometric outcomes because only 4 studies reported setting.
b Audio visual removed from this analysis because it had a 0% prevalence
c Peer-led discussion removed from this analysis because it had 0% prevalence
d Recognition of complications removed from this analysis because it had 0% prevalence
eIndividualized assessment removed from this analysis because it had 0% prevalence
*Rate different is based on less than 5 studies so interpretation should be cautioned
If n/a for success rate with feature, it means there were no studies with that feature.
If 0% for success rate with feature, it means that there were no successful studies with that feature.
If n/a for success rate without feature, it means there weren’t any studies without that feature.
If 0% for success rate without feature, it means there were no successful studies without that feature.
If n/a for rate difference, it means that either success rate with feature or success rate without feature was n/a.
Table 7. Analysis of Features with Diet Outcomes (diet, total kilocalories intake, dietary risk score, mean vegetable consumption, fruit consumption, consumption of five fruits and vegetables per day, fried food consumption, healthy eating plan adherence, fat related dietary habits, dietary fat intake, dietary cholesterol intake, kilocalories from saturated fat, percent kilocalories from fat)
Percent success rateFeature / Feature prevalence (%) / Number of participants studied / With feature (%) / Without feature (%) / Rate difference (%)
Intervention Setting
Community-based / 33.33 (2/6) (35;42) / 273 / 0 / 50 / -50*
Home-based / 50 (3/6) (19;33;38) / 287 / 66.67 / 0 / 66.67*
Hospital-based / 66.67 (4/6) (32;33;35;42) / 425 / 25 / 50 / -25*
Primary care-based / 16.67 (1/6) (19) / 149 / 0 / 40 / -40*
Intervention Format
One-on-one / 83.33 (5/6) (19;32;33;38;42) / 542 / 40 / 0 / 40
Group / 66.67 (4/6) (32;33;35;42) / 425 / 25 / 50 / -25*
Mode of delivery
Face-to-face / 100 (6/6) (19;32;33;35;38;42) / 615 / 33.33 / n/a / n/a
Written Literature / 16.67 (1/6) (32) / 55 / 0 / 40 / -40*
Telephone / 50 (3/6) (19;33;42) / 446 / 33.33 / 33.33 / 0*
Audio Visual / 16.67 (1/6) (35) / 73 / 0 / 40 / -40*
Teaching Method a
Didactic / 66.67 (4/6) (19;32;35;38) / 318 / 25 / 50 / -25*
Goal-Setting Dictated / 66.67 (4/6) (19;32;35;42) / 477 / 0 / 100 / -100*
Goal-Setting Negotiated / 66.67 (4/6) (19;33;38;42) / 487 / 50 / 0 / 50*
Situational Problem-Solving / 66.67 (4/6) (32;33;38;42) / 393 / 50 / 0 / 50*
Interactive Discussion Groups / 50 (3/6) (32;33;35) / 225 / 33.33 / 33.33 / 0*
Feedback / 33.33 (2/6) (19;32) / 204 / 0 / 50 / -50*
Diaries and Reports / 16.67 (1/6) (32) / 55 / 0 / 40 / -40*
Duration
Short Duration / 33.33 (2/6) (35;38) / 114 / 50 / 25 / 25*
Long Duration / 66.67 (4/6) (19;32;33;42) / 501 / 25 / 50 / -25*
Intensity
Low Intensity / 66.67 (4/6) (19;33;35;38) / 360 / 50 / 0 / 50*
High Intensity / 33.33 (2/6) (32;42) / 255 / 0 / 50 / -50*
Interventionist
Nurse / 66.67 (4/6) (19;33;35;38) / 360 / 50 / 0 / 50*
Dietitians / 50 (3/6) (32;33;42) / 352 / 33.33 / 33.33 / 0*
Community Peer Worker / 33.33 (2/6) (19;42) / 349 / 0 / 50 / -50*
Multidisciplinary Team / 66.67 (4/6) (19;32;33;42) / 501 / 25 / 50 / -25*
Content/Specific Components of Intervention
Psychosocial / 16.67 (1/6) (38) / 41 / 100 / 20 / 80*
Diet / 100 (6/6) (19;32;33;35;38;42) / 615 / 33.33 / n/a / n/a
Exercise / 66.67 (4/6) (28,31,35,38) / 445 / 25 / 50 / -25*
Self-Management of Blood Glucose / 33.33 (2/6) (19;38) / 190 / 50 / 25 / 25*
Medication Adherence / 33.33 (2/6) (19;38) / 190 / 50 / 25 / 25*
Recognition of Complications / 16.67 (1/6) (35) / 73 / 0 / 40 / -40*
Foot care / 50 (3/6) (19;35;38) / 263 / 33.33 / 33.33 / 0*
Supervised Exercise / 16.67 (1/6) (32) / 55 / 0 / 40 / -40*
Intervention Design b
Language Tailoring / 50 (3/6) (32;33;35) / 225 / 33.33 / 33.33 / 0*
Cultural Tailoring / 66.67 (4/6) (32;33;35;38) / 266 / 50 / 0 / 50*
Needs Assessment / 50 (3/6) (19;38;42) / 390 / 33.33 / 33.33 / 0*
aPeer-led discussion removed from this analysis because it had 0% prevalence
bIndividualized assessment removed from this analysis because it had 0% prevalence
*Rate different is based on less than 5 studies so interpretation should be cautioned
If n/a for success rate with feature, it means there were no studies with that feature.
If 0% for success rate with feature, it means that there were no successful studies with that feature.
If n/a for success rate without feature, it means there weren’t any studies without that feature.
If 0% for success rate without feature, it means there were no successful studies without that feature.
If n/a for rate difference, it means that either success rate with feature or success rate without feature was n/a.