History of the Americas
U.S. Intervention in Latin America (1898-1933)
*Spanish-American War established the United States as an Imperial Power*
**US intervened militarily in 9 Caribbean nations 34 times**
Country / When / Why / ResultVenezuela / o 1895-1896 / o British blockade of Venezuela over boundary dispute with British Guiana / o Pres. Cleveland & staff claim US hegemony over Great Britain in Latin America
o British submitted the dispute to arbitration; Venezuelan gov’t uninformed of arbitration and did not participate
o End British Military predominance in Lat Am = signed Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 & withdrew fleet from Caribbean in 1906
Cuba
Modern
p. 360-361 / o 1898-1902/3
o 1906-1909
o 1912-1917
o 1917-1922 / o Protect $50 Million investments – stop chronic instability
o Spanish-American War
o Ostend Manifesto= Purchase Cuba from Spain for $120 million
o US Declared War on Spain & Invaded Cuba - Protectorate / o Conducted war & peace w/ Spain w/o consulting the Cubans
o Platt Amendment (1901) added to the Cuban Constitution in 1902 = Protectorate
o US occupied Cuba for 5 years
o US Naval bases established in Cuba
Dominican Republic
Modern
p. 302-303 / o 1916-1924
o 1965 / o US Marines occupied in 1916
o “Dollar Diplomacy”
o 22,000 Marines deployed =
o downfall of the OAS
o b/c afraid of “another Cuba” / o National Guard created to fight Guerilla Warfare
o US troops – strengthened infrastructure – Upgrade Educational System – Control Public finances
o 1922 = Creation of the Provisional Gov’t
o Rise of Rafael Leonida Trujillo – Ruthless Dictator (1930-1961)
Guatemala Modern
p. 351 / o 1953 / o Guatemala seized land from UFCO & didn’t offer enough $ / o Dulles brothers claimed Guatemala was “soft on Communism”
o Eisenhower sent covert operation to overthrow the government
Haiti Modern
p. 297 / o 1915-1934 / o “Dollar Diplomacy”
o Protect US interests / o Abolished Army – Replaced with National Police Force
o US took over financial Administration & management of the country
o *Pres. Stenio Vincent
Honduras Modern
p. 340-341 / o 1980s / o US Contra War against Sandinistas / o US used Honduras to launch attacks on Nicaragua = airfields, supply dumps, & base camps
o = US military & National Guard
Nicaragua Modern
p. 333-335 / o 1912-1933 / o “Dollar Diplomacy”
o US put down Revolution in 1912
o Protect US interests – Pres. Taft sent in the Marines / o US Marines kept in Managua until 1925 to protect Americans
o Protectorate of the US
o *Sandino
Mexico Modern
p. 230 / o 1914
o 1916 / o Pres. Wilson did not want to recognize Huerta’s government
o Pancho Villa invaded the US / o Sent the Marines to occupy Veracruz = succeeded in overthrowing Huerta
o Gen Pershing sent to crush Pancho Villa – was unable to locate Villa
Panama Modern
p. 328 / o 1903 Revolution / o “Big Stick” diplomacy
o Columbian Gov’t would not grant Canal treaty to US
o War of the Thousand Days (1899-1903) / o Pres. Roosevelt supported 1903 Revolution to establish independent Panama = US recognized Panama
o US annexation (not a territory, leased) for Panama Canal = treaty b/t US Herran and French representative of Panama
o Canal was built 1904-1914
Puerto Rico Modern
p. 308 / o 1898 / o Spanish-American War
o Retaliation for sinking the US Maine in Cuba
o *1st act of Colonial Expansion / o Puerto Rico became part of the US = COLONY
o 1917 – granted US citizenship
o 1952 – Commonwealth of the US
o “Operation Bootstrap” – industrialization of Puerto Rico = massive unemployment & immigration to US
· Modern Latin America Skidmore/Smith
o Cuba – p. 259-266
o Lat Am – p. 355-364
· A History of Latin America Keen
o Ch. 17 – Cuba p. 424-429 –Cuba/Spanish American War
o Ch. 20 – US & Latin American Relations p.521-536