Ch. 22.2 The Enlightenment Name:

Enlightenment Authors / Specific Views / Quote
British
Thomas Hobbes

John Locke

French (Philosophes)
Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)

Baron de Montesquieu

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Directions: Answer the following questions with complete sentences.

1.  Comparing and Contrasting: What is a similarity in the views of all these authors? Explain.

2.  What are some key differences between some of these authors? Explain.

3.  Read about Cesare Beccaria (p. 632). Explain his beliefs and how they were revolutionary (a break with past beliefs).

4.  Read about Mary Wollstonecraft (p. 633). What did she believe women needed to be “virtuous and useful”? How did this impact later generations (think beyond the text)?

5.  Which of these philosophers BEST exemplified the five principles of the Enlightenment (reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty)? Explain.

To understand political power aright, we must consider what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature; without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man. . . . / To understand political power aright, we must consider what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature; without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man. . . .
From this equality of ability, arises equality of hope in the attaining of our ends. And therefore if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies. . . . / From this equality of ability, arises equality of hope in the attaining of our ends. And therefore if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies. . . .
When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty. . . . Again, there is no liberty if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive. / When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty. . . . Again, there is no liberty if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive.
Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains. / Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains.
I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it. / I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.

KEY

Enlightenment Authors / Specific Views / Quote
British
Thomas Hobbes
/ ·  People are naturally selfish and wicked; they need gov’t to keep order
·  SOCIAL CONTRACT: People give their rights to a strong ruler for safety and order
·  Absolute monarchy is best
·  Leviathan (originally a sea monster, Hobbes calls it a powerful gov’t) / (H) From this equality of ability, arises equality of hope in the attaining of our ends. And therefore if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies. . . .
John Locke
/ ·  People are reasonable (but selfish)
·  Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, Property
·  Gov’t’s purpose is to protect these natural rights
·  Gov’t power comes from the CONSENT of the people / (L) To understand political power aright, we must consider what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature; without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man. . . .
French (Philosophes)
Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)
/ ·  Wrote more than 70 books
·  Used SATIRE
·  Beliefs: tolerance, reason, religious freedom, freedom of speech / (V) I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.
Baron de Montesquieu
/ ·  Great Britain = the BEST governed and balanced country
·  “Separation of Powers”
·  “Checks and Balances” / (dM) When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty. . . . Again, there is no liberty if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
/ ·  Individual Freedom
·  Man is born free and good ..then corrupted
·  Only good gov’t is direct democracy / (R) Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains.