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UNIT 5: THE WEST, INDUSTRY, AND THE CITIES, 1865-1900

Readings in America’s History

Chapter 16 The American West, 1865-1890

Chapter 17 Capital and Labor in the Age of Enterprise, 1877-1900

Chapter 18 The Industrial City

Chapter 19 The Politics in the Age of Enterprise

Essential Question

By the end of the 19c, was large-scale industrial capitalism still compatible with democracy?

Syllabus with Focus Questions

Day 1 January 12 M The Great Plains

1.  The post-Civil War Indian policies were genocidal.

2.  Did the Indian policies of the late 19c (1865-1890) continue the policies of the colonial and antebellum years or were there new approaches?

Day 2 January 13 T Far West

Mark Twain’s “Roughing It”

Quiz on the Civil War

1.  What did Mark Twain think of the Chinese in California based on “Roughing It”?

2.  Although the economic development of the Tans-Mississippi West is popularly associated with hardy individualism, it was in fact largely dependent on the federal government. (1991)

Day 3 January 15 R Unit 5 MC and FRQ Test

Day 4 January 19 M Industrial Capitalism Triumphant

1.  The increase in industrialization in the late 19c was due more to the consolidation and expansion of business structures than to new technologies. Consider the period 1865-1890.

Day 5 January 20 T The Labor Movement

Quiz

2.  How successful were labor unions in advancing the rights of workers?

3.  “Factors beyond the reach of industrial workers, like government actions and immigration, had a much greater impact than more immediate ones that laborers could see, like unions and technological changes.”

Day 6 January 22 R The Politics of the Status Quo, 1877-1893

Note: Review the Grant and Hayes administrations

“From Women’s Rights…” in A History of Women…

1.  The political machines and corruption are often attributed to greed and government in the late 19c and public indifference in politics. Actually, the machines responded to real social and economic problems that traditional American institutions could not address in the modern age. Assess the accuracy of this statement.

2.  The Republican Party of the late 19c had abandoned its founding principles (1856-1877).

3.  How effective were state and national governments in addressing changes in society?

Day 7 January 26 M Race and Politics in the New South

1.  Were the motivations of the creators of the Black Codes the same as those who wrote the Jim Crow laws?

Day 8 January 27 T The Crisis of American Politics (Election of 1896)

1.  “Jacksonian Democrats (1824-1840) and Populists (1890-1896) both went on the offensive against special privilege in American life. Democrats attained power and succeeded. Populists failed.” TWE is this an accurate assessment?

2.  The election of 1896 is often portrayed as one of the most significant in American history. Does it deserve this reputation?

Day 9 January 29 R Urbanization

Upper Class/Middle Class

Quiz

1.  What was the most significant factor in the changing life in the cities?

Day 10 February 2 M City Life

Day 11 February 3 T Midterm MC Test for Units 1-5

On-line Resources

Indian Women: Zitkala sha http://www.kstrom.net/isk/stories/authors/bonnin.html

Chinese Immigration: On Gold Mountain http://www.apa.si.edu/ongoldmountain/

Hub Dates

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1877

1893

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Unit vocabulary

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The Tribes and the West

Sioux

Wounded Knee

Ghost Dance

Helen Hunt Jackson

A Century of Dishonor

Severalty

Dawes Act 1887

Oklahoma Territory

Dakota Territory

Sand Creek Massacre 1864

The Wild West Show

Little Big Horn

Chief Joseph

Dawes Act

“concentration”

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Wounded Knee

Californios

Chinese Exclusion Act

Homestead Act

Assimilation

Mark Twain

Boom towns

long drives

Abilene, KS

Frederic Remington

Frederick Jackson Turner

Industrialization

Vertical integration

Horizontal consolidation

Bessemer Process

Henry Ford

Taylorism

Corporation

J.P. Morgan

Andrew Carnegie

John D. Rockefeller

The trust

Social Darwinism

Horatio Alger

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

yellow dog contracts

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Knights of Labor

National Labor Union

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Haymarket Square

anarchism

Socialism

Unionism

Homestead Strike

Pullman Strike

Molly Maguires

Bill Haywood

Mother Jones

Pinkertons

Monopoly

Terence Powderly

Samuel Gompers

Eugene V. Debs

Politics

Thomas Nast

James A. Garfield

Chester A. Arthur

Grover Cleveland

Populism

Mary Elizabeth Lease

Coxey’s Army

Cyclone or tornado hits

William Jennings Bryan

The Grange movement

Farmers’ Alliances

People’s (Populist) Party

Panic of 1893

Crime of ’73

“Free Silver”

Benjamin Harrison

W.E.B. Dubois

Booker T. Washington

Cities

New Immigrants

Muckrakers

Tenement

Progressivism

Lincoln Steffens

Jane Addams

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Louis Brandeis

William H. Taft

Carrie Chapman Catt

“Boss” Tweed

Helen Keller

Tammany Hall

patronage

civil service reform

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Unit 5 Summaries and Study Questions

1.  New technologies and production processes in the development of resources such as oil, steel, and electricity spurred industrial growth.

2.  Taylorism and Ford’s assembly lines revolutionized the manufacturing process enabling factories to produce many times more products.

3.  The expansion of railroads and the corporate structures of railroad companies greatly contributed to industrial expansion. Trusts, corporate stock, and financing allowed large corporations to develop virtually unchecked in the oil, banking, steel, and railroad industries.

4.  Monopolists and industrialists such as Morgan, Carnegie, and Rockefeller used social Darwinism and the Horatio Alger myths to promote their capitalist model of wealth and accumulation.

5.  In order to combat the loss of individualism, workers united in unions such as the Knights of Labor and the AFL to bargain for safer worker conditions, higher wages, and child labor restrictions.

6.  While Labor unions experienced some successes with their demands in isolated cases, overall labor unions failed to deliver large changes in working conditions for their members as support for unions fell due to racial divisions and violent union tactics that shocked the general population.

7.  The growth of manufacturing led to a dramatic increase in the urban population in America as young whites and blacks flocked to cities in search of manufacturing jobs.

8.  America also experienced an immigration boom as increasing numbers of immigrants came from eastern or southern Europe and poured into America through Ellis Island.

9.  Even though American cities consisted of ethnic islands, the diverse new urban populations attempted to assimilate as “Americans” in society while maintaining their own ethnic ties.

10.  The large influx of immigrants led to a strengthening of the anti-foreigner feelings in America as some attempted to limit or discriminate against non “natives.”

11.  A major challenge created by the large influx to urban areas was housing and the services needed by residents. Many families in big cities lived in rickety, over-crowded tenements that were squalid at best. Crime, poverty, disease, and the threat of fire also exacerbated the problems.

12.  The increase in urban dwellers meant a corresponding need for more consumer goods as a new “consumer economy” developed around new products, chain stores, and catalogs.

13.  Distinctly American forms of entertainment developed in cities: sports, movies, theater, literature, and art took on urban flair and provided entertainment for city folk.

14.  The West represented the last frontier in the United States, although it was already inhabited by both native Indians and Mexicans.

15.  Frontier society was diverse including Indians, Chinese, Mexicans, and various European ethnicities.

16.  Whites moved west in droves after the Civil War, encouraged by the Homestead Act and to pursue business opportunities in a variety of pursuits.

17.  Western culture became a romanticized part of American society as mining, cattle ranching, farming, and the building of the railroad attracted both men and women to new and often temporary towns.

18.  The Railroads were built in large part by Chinese and Irish immigrants who worked in work gangs to connect the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific in one intercontinental railroad.

19.  The advance of whites into the frontier and the influx of various workers and soldiers brought whites into conflict with the Mexican, Chinese, and Native Indians over land and money.

20.  The U.S. governments adopted a legal policy to place Indians on reservations away from white settlements.

21.  The actual policy carried out by settlers and miners sought to kill as many Indians as possible as evidenced in a long line of skirmishes and atrocities committed against the Indians.

22.  By 1900, the west was no longer a frontier but an important source of resources and a diverse, rugged society that had become part of the greater American society.

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1. What technological advance had the most impact on the industrial growth of the economy in the late 1800’s? Explain.

2. What new business structures were created? Describe them. How did they help expand business? In what industries?

3. What was the importance of the “self-made man” and the Horatio Alger stories? What was their role in the economic boom of the times? What group of Americans did they target?

4. Why was social Darwinism such an important concept of the time? Explain.

5. What effect did the Haymarket Square incident have on American society? Describe at least two ways.

6.  What patterns of migration and immigration did America experience at the turn of the century? What was the New Immigration?

7.  In what ways did immigrants attempt to assimilate into American society? Why and how were many excluded?

8.  Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives. How did the “other half” live in late 1800s cities?

9.  Who was the “boss” in big cities? What made “boss rule” possible?

10.  How did leisure and consumption by the urban masses change life in American cities and society? What was the New Morality in urban areas?

11.  What is the frontier? How did the idea of a frontier affect American life after the Civil War? What do you think of Frederick Jackson Turner’s thesis?

12.  What was the attraction of the frontier for Americans? Why did so many go West?

13.  What was the U.S. government’s Indian policy? Did it change over time? How? Was it effective?

14.  What three factors led to the ultimate destruction of the western Native American societies?

15.  What affect did the railroad have on the west?

16.  Who had a more difficult life? Farmers, Miners, or Cattle Ranchers? Why?

1.  Late 19th century politics was dominated by the two party spoils system on a national level and the political boss-led party machine on the local level.

2.  The Federal Government and the Presidents of the late 19th century played a very minimal role in the direction of the country, only providing occasional policy and services such as the post office and defense.

3.  The Federal Courts and the government almost always supported corporations and trusts at the expense of labor, farmers, and small business.

4.  In order to combat the loss of individualism and in response to the growing concentration of capital, workers united in unions such as the Knights of Labor and the AFL to bargain for safer worker conditions, higher wages, and child labor restrictions.

5.  While Labor unions experienced some successes with their demands in isolated cases, overall labor unions failed to deliver large changes in working conditions for their members as support for unions fell due to racial divisions and violent union tactics that shocked the general population.

6.  The Grange movement, originally a social club for farmers, sought to concentrate farmers’ economic power to negotiate better deals with suppliers and transportation interests.

7.  When the Grange movement faltered, Farmer’s Alliances and eventually the Populist Party pushed the political platform of government regulation of railroads and trusts, abolishment of federal banks, re-monetization of silver, and direct elections of national officials.

8.  The Populists were mostly from the south and mid-west and were white and Protestant although at times they addressed concerns of blacks, westerners, and labor.

9.  The economic Panic of 1893 pushed Populists and labor organizations to step up their demonstrations for the use of silver for money and better labor conditions for workers.

10.  Progressivism succeeded Populism as a call for change in America. Progressive ideals and action existed both outside the government through the actions of social reformers and within the government in the personae of President Theodore Roosevelt.

11.  “Muckrackers” such as Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and Upton Sinclair exposed corruption in government and industry and denounced waste and oppression in American society.

12.  Social reform groups flourished, led often by women, and sought help for urban poor, temperance, and most of all women’s suffrage.

13.  In politics, reformers attacked the boss and party rule and financial corruption and sought to make politicians more responsive to voters at practically every level of government.

Past FRQs and DBQs

Was the Western Frontier a place of diverse cultures meeting to develop a new society based on rugged individualism or was it an area of domination by white Americans and the government in search of profits and resources?

Analyze the economic consequences of the Civil War with respect to any TWO of the following in the U.S. between 1865 and 1880.

-Agriculture

-Labor

-Industrialization

-Transportation

Analyze the impact of any TWO of the following on the American industrial worker between 1865 and 1900.

-Government actions

-Immigration

-Labor unions

-Technological changes

DBQ: How successful was organized labor in improving the position of workers in the period from 1875 to 1900? Analyze the factors that contributed to the level of success achieved. Use the documents and your knowledge of the period from 1875 to 1900 to construct your response.

Compare and contrast the attitudes of THREE of the following toward the wealth that was created in the United States during the late nineteenth century.

-Andrew Carnegie

-Eugene V. Debs

-Horatio Alger

-Booker T. Washington

-Ida M. Tarbell

The Populist and Progressive movements challenged many entrenched institutions in American politics, economics, and society. To what extent were the Populist and Progressive movements truly a revolution in America?