Mammary and Immune Systems
Practice Exam 4
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University / Leader: / Kristina
Course: / AnS 214
Instructor: / Keating
Date: / 12/4/2013

1.  What cell produces the components in the milk?

  1. Myoepithelial cells
  2. Epithelial cells
  3. Alveolus
  4. Lactose cells

2.  What cell, upon the interaction with oxytocin will contract, squeezing the milk out of the alveolus?

  1. Myoepithelial cells
  2. Epithelial cells
  3. Lactose cells
  4. Mammary cells

3.  Which one is incorrectly matched?

  1. Mammogenesis: breast development
  2. Lactogenesis: synthesis of milk
  3. Galactokinesis: prolactin stimulates milk letdown
  4. Galactopoiesis: prolactin maintains lactation.

4.  The most variable milk component and the least variable milk component:

  1. Milk fat, milk carbohydrate.
  2. Milk carbohydrate, milk fat.
  3. Milk fat, milk protein.
  4. Milk protein, milk carbohydrate.

5.  What percent of milk protein is whey and what percent is casein?

  1. 50:50
  2. 75:25
  3. 20:80
  4. 80:20

6.  What affect do surges of prolactin have on the hypothalamus that sustains milk production when an infant suckles in a post-partum female?

  1. Stimulates GnRH, which increases the levels of FSH and LH
  2. Inhibits GnRH, which decreases FSH and LH
  3. Inhibits GnRH, which increases the levels of FSH and LH
  4. Stimulates GnRH, which decreases FSH and LH

7.  All describe casein protein EXCEPT:

  1. Precipitates from the whey at pH 4.6.
  2. Carries insoluble Ca and P to the newborn for skeletal development.
  3. Has four types: α, β, κ, and γ.
  4. Contains immunoglobulins.

8.  A “foreign” molecule which can invoke the immune response is called a(n):

  1. Hapten
  2. antibody
  3. immunoglobulin
  4. antigen

9.  Active artificially acquired immunity is a result of:

  1. Antibodies passed on from mother to baby through breast milk.
  2. Vaccination.
  3. Injection of an immune serum.
  4. Antibodies passed on from mother to fetus through the placenta.

10.  Complement proteins work by:

  1. Forming pores in the membranes of target cells.
  2. Phagocytosis of target cells.
  3. Neutralization of antigens.
  4. Producing antibodies.

11.  Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells:

  1. By secreting antibodies.
  2. By phagocytosis.
  3. By releasing oxidizing agents.
  4. Through insertion of perforins into the target’s membrane.

12.  Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thymus are:

  1. T lymphocytes.
  2. NK cells.
  3. B lymphocytes.
  4. Cytotoxic T cells.

13.  The immune cell that allows for subsequent recognition of an antigen, resulting in a secondary response, is called a(n):

  1. Helper T cell.
  2. Memory cell.
  3. Antigen-presenting cells.
  4. Plasma cell.

14.  These molecules are secreted by leukocytes and macrophages and result in a fever.

  1. Histamine
  2. Antibodies
  3. Pyrogens
  4. Heparin

15.  When a localized area exhibits increased capillary filtration, hyperemia, and swelling, it is an indication that:

  1. Inflammation is occurring.
  2. Antigens are present.
  3. An immune response is underway.
  4. Fever is developing.

16.  Which of the following is a nonspecific barrier defense?

  1. Macrophages
  2. Natural killer cells
  3. Mucous membranes
  4. Complements

17.  Which statement below is characteristic of a secondary humoral response?

  1. It results in less memory cell circulation.
  2. It results in less antibody secretion.
  3. It triggers fever.
  4. It occurs much more rapidly than a primary response.

18.  Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary immune response?

  1. A secondary immune response is started by naïve lymphocytes, while the primary immune response is initiated by memory cells.
  2. A secondary immune response does produce as many antibodies compared to a primary immune response.
  3. A secondary immune response is slower than a primary immune response.
  4. A secondary immune response lasts longer than a primary immune response.

19.  In the list below, which type of cell is involved in adaptive immunity?

  1. Natural killer cells
  2. Neutrophils
  3. B cells
  4. Macrophages

20.  Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation?

  1. Redness
  2. Fever
  3. Swelling
  4. Pain

21.  Humoral immunity is provided by:

  1. T cells.
  2. Interferons.
  3. Antibodies.
  4. Complement proteins.

22.  ______is the property of lymphocytes that prevents them from attacking the body’s own cells.

  1. Immunological memory
  2. Self-tolerance
  3. Antigenicity
  4. Immunocompetence

23.  Self-reactive B cells are eliminated in the:

  1. Lymph nodes.
  2. Thymus.
  3. Spleen.
  4. Bone marrow.

24.  Which is correctly matched?

  1. Helper T cells: recognize virus-infected cells
  2. B cells: suppress the immune response once the foreign antigen has been cleared from the body.
  3. Cytotoxic T cells: activated by antigens bound to MHC I
  4. Regulatory T cells: make antibodies

25.  MHC II proteins are found on:

  1. Cytotoxic T cells.
  2. Antigen-presenting cells.
  3. Red blood cells.
  4. Helper T cells.

26.  Infected cells of the pancreas would display a foreign antigen fragment on a(n):

  1. Immunoglobulin A
  2. MAC membrane complex
  3. MHC I
  4. MHC II

27.  Without this cell, there is no immune response?

  1. Cytotoxic T cell
  2. B cell
  3. Macrophages
  4. Helper T cell

Essay Questions

Mammary System

1.  Lactation begins with the preparation of breast tissue in the phase called ______. Duct growth occurs under the influence of the three hormones ______, ______, and glucocorticoids. Lobuloalveolar growth also requires the hormones ______and ______. Breast development begins in ______. Until ______growth matches that of the rest of the female’s body. Then it undergoes rapid development during the later stages of ______in order to be ready for the offspring. The second stage of lactation is ______. Milk components such as ______are produced under the influence of the hormone ______. Cells in the alveoli that produce milk components are the ______cells. The ______tends to be located near the basal membrane, while all milk secreting components are located closer to the ______of the alveolus. Milk contains two proteins unique to milk. The first, ______, contains calcium and phosphorus. The second, whey, contains ______. In the next phase, ______, oxytocin stimulates ______cells to contract. This leads to ______. Oxytocin is released due to many factors including ______, ______, ______, ______of an infant. Lactation can be maintained for an indefinite amount of time. This is called ______. Once the offspring stops suckling ______levels decline and drying off occurs. This also leads to mammary gland ______which is a remodeling of the gland through ______. If a microbe were to enter the mammary gland a female could get mastitis. However, teats contain an antimicrobial structure called ______just inside the opening of the teat.

Immune System

2.  The immune system has two lines of the defense the ______and ______defense systems. In the first line of defense ______and ______are the first barriers to foreign invaders. The second line of defense includes antimicrobial proteins, ______, ______, and ______. One of the most important defenses is the ______response. Its four signs include ______, ______, ______, and ______. One internal defense of the innate immune system is phagocytosis. First the phagocyte must be mobilized; this occurs in four steps ______, ______, ______, and ______. Phagocytosis begins when a ______adheres to a ______. The phagocyte then forms a pseudopod that engulfs the particle and forms a ______. This will fuse with a ______forming a phagolysosome. The particles in the phagolysosome will be ______. Finally, they will undergo ______to remove the waste. The second line of defense is the adaptive immune system which has ______, is ______, and is ______. The adaptive response is executed through the action of ______that mature in bone marrow and ______that mature in the thymus. They must gain ______and ______before they are ready to fight infections. One branch of the adaptive immune system is the ______response which leads to the production of antibodies. Antibodies combine with antigens to form an ______. They can also defend against antigens by four processes ______, ______, ______, and ______. When stimulated a B cell will form ______with the same antigen-specific receptors. Most of these cells will become ______which will mark antigens for destruction. The rest of the cells will become ______. These provide a way for the body to react ______if it encounters the same antigen in the future. Active humoral immunity can come from an ______or ______. Passive humoral immunity can come from ______or ______. A second branch of the adaptive immune system is the ______response. T helper cells come from ______cells and cytotoxic T cells come from ______cells. Helper cells are activated by ______. Helper cells stimulate ______to divide faster to create more antibodies, activate ______, and ______other immune cells. ______MHC proteins signal a foreign antigen, while ______MHC proteins self.

ESSAY TOPICS

Below are sample essay questions. For each, draft the response you would provide on an actual exam. Use key words and topic sentences to make an outline of a potential essay. Make sure to draw any diagrams required. Note: Most of these questions can most easily be answered with a schematic representation accompanied by brief descriptions of the drawn elements. In other words: if it helps – DRAW A PICTURE.

MAMMARY SYSTEM:

1.  Diagram the effects of suckling of an infant on the pituitary glands. Be sure to include the hormones that are involved and there feedback mechanisms.

2.  Describe in detail the four phases of lactation.

IMMUNE SYSTEM:

1.  Explain how phagocytes are mobilized and then discuss what happens during the event of phagocytosis.

2.  Trace the path of activation for a T cell. Be sure to note the differences in post-activation functions of TC and TH cells. Trace the path of activation for a B cell. Be sure to note the differences in post-activation functions of plasma and memory cells. Explain why re-exposure to an antigen will not illicit clinical sickness.