1) ___ is NOT a function of the urinary system.
a. Excreting wastesb. Regulating blood O2and CO2 c. Regulating acid-base balance d. Detoxifying drugs
2) Water flows from _____.
a. a high osmotic concentration to a low osmotic concentration
b. a low osmotic concentration to a high osmotic concentration
3) When the blood passes glomeruli, ___ is filtered into tubular system.
a. ~ 20% of blood cellsb. ~ 20% of plasma proteinsc. ~20% of plasma water and electrolytes
4) Glomerular filtration rate ____.
a. is quite constant b. fluctuates dramatically
5) Glomerular filtration membrane ___.
a. includes the foot processes of the podocytesb. is not permeable to glucose c. is not permeable to amino acids
6) Which of the following is not a component of a nephron?
a. proximal convoluted tubuleb. glomerulusc. afferent arterioled. renal artery
7) Which of the following is not a nitrogenous waste?
a. ureab. uric acidc. ammoniad. amino acid
8) Which of the renal functions can be substituted by hemodialysis?
a. producing erythropoietinb. eliminating wastesc. deamination
9) ___ is not included in the four processes of urine formation.
a. Glomerular filtrationb. Tubular reabsorptionc. Tubular secretiond. Concentrating urine
e. Storage of urine in the bladder
10) The fluid in ____ is called urine (but not glomerular filtrate or tubular fluid).
a. glomerulib. proximal tubulesc. distal tubulesd. renal calyx
11) The proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb ___ of the glomerular filtrates.
a. 20-30%b. 40-50%c. 60-70%d. 80-90%
12) ___ is one of the five mechanisms for tubular reabsorption.
a. Chemotaxis b. Insulin c. Dialysisd. Solvent drag
13) If Na-K-ATPase in basal membranes of proximal tubules is eliminated, tubular reabsorption of glucose will ___ .
a. decrease b. increase c. not change
14) Glucose is present in the urine of diabetic patients because ____.
a. tubular cells actively secrete glucose into tubular fluidb. tubular cells reabsorb much less glucose
c. the amount of glucose in tubular fluid exceeds the transport maximum (Tm)
15. The tubular cells do not secrete ___ into tubular fluid.
a. amino acidsb. uric acidc. H+d. HCO3-
16. The nephron loop (Loop of Henle) ___.
a. reabsorbs two thirds of glomerular filtrates b. concentrates urinec. reabsorbs Na+ and Cl-
17. Aldosterone affects the function of ___
a. proximal tubuleb. loop of Henlec. distal tubule
18. Aldosterone enhances the reabsorption of ___.
a. Na+b. K+ c. Ca++d. phosphate
19. Atrial natriuretic factor ___.
a. enhances reabsorption of Na+b. inhibits reabsorption of Na+c. enhances reabsorption of water
20. A collecting duct ___.
a. connects several distal tubulesb. dilutes urinec. reabsorbs 2/3 of glomerular filtrates
21. ADH ___.
a. decreases the permeability of collecting ducts to water
b. increases the permeability of collecting ducts to water
22. A minimum of ___ urine has to be produced to excrete nitrogenous wastes.
a. 1-2 liter/dayb. 400 ml /dayc. 125 ml/min
23. Diabetes insipidus ___.
a. is caused by the lack of ADHb. is accompanied with oliguriac. is caused by the lack of insulin
24. Which of the following can cause glycosuria (presence of glucose in urine)?
a. drinking two 12 oz cans of regular Coke by a healthy person b. the lack of insulin c. the lack of ADH
25. Which of the following does NOT cause diuresis?
a. caffeineb. diureticsc. ADH
26. How much of the glomerular filtrate is finally excreted as urine?
a. ~ 60%b. ~ 70% c. ~ 80% d. ~ 1%
27. When urine volume exceeds 400 ml (enough to stimulate the stretch receptors) in an adult urinary bladder but the time/place do not allow urination, ___.
a. the external urethral sphincter relaxes but the internal sphincter contractsb. the external urethral sphincter contracts but the internal sphincter relaxes c. both the internal and external urethral sphincters relax d. both the internal and external urethral sphincters contract
28. About ___ of total body weight is water.
a. 40%b. 50%c. 60%d. 90%
29. The three body fluid compartments include all of the following except ___.
a. the kidneysb. plasmac. intracellular fluidd. tissue fluid
30. When placed in distilled water (0 mOsm), erythrocytes___. (The plasma membranes of erythrocytes are permeable to water)
a. shrinkb. swellc. do not shrink or swell
31. Water loss via ___ is controlled physiologically.
a. respiration b. urinec. sweating d. feces
32. Water loss via ___ can be avoided.
a. respiration b. urinec. sweating d. feces
33. Thirst is felt when ___.
a. blood volume decreasesb. plasma osmolarity decreases c. blood volume increases
34. The feeling of thirst is generated in ____.
a. mouthb. throatc. spinal cordd. hypothalamus
35. Edema can be caused by ___.
a. increased capillary reabsorption b. decreased capillary filtration c. occlusion of lymphatic vessels
36. Which ion is the most abundant in intracellular space? (hint: consider intra- vs extracellular distribution of each ion)
a. K+ b. Na+c. Ca++d. Cl-
37 . Which ion primarily determines the resting membrane potential?
a. K+ b. Na+c. Ca++d. Cl-
38. Which hormone is the primary regulator of plasma Na+ concentration?
a. PTH b. calcitonin c. aldosterone
39. The osmolarity of extracellular fluid is mainly contributed by ___.
a. NaClb. K+c. PO4
40. Which ion serves as a second messenger?
a. Cl- b. Na+c. Ca++
41. Which ion is a blood clotting factor?
a. K+ b. Na+c. Ca++
42. Which hormone decreases plasma Ca++ concentration?
a. PTHb. calcitoninc. thyroid hormone
43. Which hormone decreases plasma K+ concentration?
a. PTHb. Calcitoninc. thyroid hormone
44. Calcitrol ___.
a. is not a derivative of vitamin Db. decreases plasma Ca++ concentration c. increases absorption of Ca++ in small intestines
45. ___ is absolutely needed for the synthesis of ATP.
a. K+ b. Na+c. Ca++d. PO43-
46. When H+ concentration increases, pH ___.
a. increasesb. decreasesc. does not change
47. A buffer minimizes ___.
a. the increase but not decrease in pH b. the decrease but not increase in pH c. both increase and decrease in pH
48. ___ is NOT a major buffer in human body.
a. HEPES bufferb. Bicarbonate bufferc. Protein bufferd. Phosphate buffer
49. ___ are NOT involved in regulating plasma pH.
a. Chemical buffersb. Respiratory systemc. Kidneysd. Baroreceptors
50. Renal tubules secretes H+ when ___.
a. plasma pH is highb. plasma pH is low
51. ___ can actually excrete H+ out of the body.
a. Chemical buffers. b. The lungsc. The kidneys
52. Hypoventilation causes ___.
a. respiratory acidosisb. metabolic alkalosisc. metabolic acidosis
53. Diabetes mellitus causes ___.
a. respiratory acidosisb. respiratory alkalosisc. metabolic acidosis
54. Chronic vomiting causes ___.
a. metabolic alkalosis b. respiratory alkalosisc. metabolic acidosis
KEY
1b 2b 3c 4a 5a 6d 7d 8b 9e 10d
11c 12d 13a 14c15a 16c17c 18a19b 20a
21b 22b 23a 24b25c 26d27b 28c29a 30b
31b 32c 33a 34d35c 36a37a 38c39a 40c
41c 42b 43delete 44c 45d 46b 47c 48a49d 50b
51c 52a 53c 54a